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"definition": "Abstraction (al-tajrīd) is an Arabic rhetorical device in which a speaker abstracts from something possessing a quality another thing like it in that quality, as an exaggeration of the perfection of that quality in the original.[1][2][3] The canonical illustration is: \"In [so-and-so] I have a true friend\" (lī min fulānin ṣadīqun ḥamīm), meaning that the person has reached such a degree of friendship that a second instance of that quality may be extracted from him.[1][4][2]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nIn this encyclopedia, the device may be understood as follows: whereas an ordinary description attributes a quality to a subject, Abstraction implies that the quality has become so concentrated in the subject that a second, fully-formed bearer of it can be notionally extracted from them. The quality has become so concentrated in them that it has taken on a life of its own as a separate entity.\nThe subtypes vary only in the means by which this extraction is signalled — by the preposition min, by bāʾ, without any marker, by indirect implication (kināya), or by the speaker addressing his own extracted self. The unifying thread across all the subtypes is always the same move: a quality becomes so extreme that it spawns a second entity.",
"linguisticOperation": "From the sources\nThe speaker treats the subject as so completely possessed of a quality that a second entity bearing that same quality can notionally be extracted from it — this is the core abstraction operation.[1][2]\nThe abstraction may be mediated by the preposition min (min), which introduces the abstracted entity as if drawn out of the source.[1][4]\nThe abstraction may alternatively be mediated by the preposition bāʾ (bāʾ), which attaches to the source entity.[1][4]\nThe abstraction may occur without any prepositional marker.[1][4]\nThe abstraction may be effected by way of kināya (metonymy / indirect expression).[1]\nThe abstraction may be effected by addressing oneself (mukhāṭabat al-nafs), in which the speaker directs speech at himself as if at another person.[4][2]",
"recognition": "From the sources\nAbstraction al-tajrīd may be present when:\n\nA prepositional phrase of the form lī min fulānin X (\"In [person], I have [quality X]\") appears, implying that a second bearer of that quality is being extracted from the first.[1][4]\nA prepositional phrase of the form lasʾalta fulānan latasʾalanna bihī al-baḥr (\"If you ask so-and-so, you will be asking the sea\") is used, attaching the abstracted entity via bāʾ to the source.[1][4]\nA subject is addressed by the speaker as if a separate person, enabling the speaker to predicate qualities of himself in the second person.[4][2]\nA quality is predicated of a subject without any prepositional marker in a way that implies a second, extracted entity possessing that quality to a superlative degree.[1]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nThe following diagnostic tests aid identification:\n\nAsk whether the sentence implies that the subject is so completely characterised by a quality that a notional second bearer of it can be conceived as extracted from them. If yes, tajrīd is likely operative.\nAsk whether the speaker appears to address himself in the second person as a rhetorical strategy. If so, this may indicate the self-address subtype of tajrīd.",
"diagnosticCommunicativeEnhancements": "From the sources\nIntensification through hyperbole (mubālagha) in the perfection of a quality attributed to the source entity.[1][2]\nExpansion and breadth in speech (al-tawassuʿ fī al-kalām).[2]\nWhen the device takes the form of self-address, the speaker is able to carry out intended attributes — whether praising himself or another — via the abstraction, being thereby excused and absolved from what it would otherwise be impermissible to say directly. This is described as one of the chief rhetorical benefits of the device.[2][3]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nSubstantiation of a quality. By treating a quality as so concentrated in a person that a second bearer of it may be extracted, tajrīd gives the quality an independent rhetorical presence. The quality is no longer merely attributed to the subject but presented as though it has become a thing in its own right — substantial enough to be separated out and named.\nIndirect intensification. The device allows the speaker to communicate superlative praise or blame without stating it directly. Instead of asserting the extremity of a quality outright, the speaker implies it by extracting a second bearer, leaving the audience to infer the degree of perfection for themselves.\nHeightened imaginative participation. Because the abstracted entity is implied rather than stated, the audience must complete the rhetorical movement in their own minds. This draws the listener into active engagement with the quality being emphasised, rather than simply receiving an assertion about it.\nAffective distancing in self-address. In the self-address subtype (mukhāṭabat al-nafs), the speaker addresses himself as though he were another person. This creates emotional distance from his own condition, allowing him to counsel, console, or praise himself from an apparently external vantage point — and, crucially, to attribute praiseworthy qualities to himself while remaining formally absolved from the impropriety of direct self-praise.\nImplication of surplus. The extraction implies that the source retains the quality in full even after a second bearer has been drawn from it. The quality is presented as so abundant that it can generate a copy of itself without any loss, which intensifies the original attribution more effectively than any explicit superlative could.\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.",
"notes": "The lexical root of the term conveys stripping or peeling away (tajrīd al-shayʾ ʿan ghayrihi), which al-Hāshimī (2019) gives as the literal meaning before providing the technical definition.[1]\nʿAkkāwī (1996) surveys multiple scholarly definitions across the tradition, noting broad agreement on the core mechanism of extracting a like entity as an intensification of the quality, with minor terminological variation.[2]\nThe term al-tajrīd al-maḥḍ and al-tajrīd ghayr al-maḥḍ are the terms used by ʿAkkāwī (1996) for the self-address subclassification.[2]\nThe English rendering \"tajrīd\" is retained in transliteration following Heinrichs (1998), who glosses it as \"abstracting a general attribute from an individual.\"[5]\nʿAtīq (2002) expands the subtype taxonomy beyond the shorter pedagogical lists found in al-Hāshimī (2019) and Ḥafnī Nāṣif et al. (2012), adding additional prepositional forms such as fī and bāʾ al-maʿiyya.[3]",
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"exampleOf": "ABSTRCT",
"exampleOfName": "Abstraction",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-atiq2-3"
],
"id": "74YTQ",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/ABSTRCT:_Abstraction#74YTQ",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q108"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "وشوهاءَ تعدو بي إلى صارخِ الوغى — بمستلئمٍ مثلِ الفنيقِ المرحَّلِ",
"english": "A swift mare runs with me to the cry of battle — alongside a fully armoured man like a laden noble camel.",
"explanation": "The speaker abstracts from himself a second person — a fully armoured warrior — who accompanies him into battle. The bāʾ here attaches to the abstracted entity (the armoured man), distinguishing this from the bāʾ al-tajrīdiyya subtype in which the bāʾ attaches to the source.[3]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "ABSTRCT",
"exampleOfName": "Abstraction",
"id": "KNF5H",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/ABSTRCT:_Abstraction#KNF5H",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q108"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "مضيتُ إلى الشدائدِ بِفَارِسٍ لا يهابُها",
"english": "I went forth into hardship accompanied by a horseman who does not fear it.",
"explanation": "The speaker abstracts from himself a second entity — a fearless horseman — and presents that entity as accompanying him. The bāʾ attaches to the abstracted entity, fāris (“horseman”), giving the sense of accompaniment characteristic of bāʾ al-maʿiyya."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "ABSTRCT",
"exampleOfName": "Abstraction",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-atiq2-3"
],
"id": "V6JPM",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/ABSTRCT:_Abstraction#V6JPM",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q108"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "لَهُمْ فِيهَا دَارُ الْخُلْدِ",
"english": "For them therein is the abode of eternity. (Q. 41:28)",
"explanation": "The abstraction is mediated by the preposition fī. Hell is itself the abode of eternity, yet another abode like it is abstracted from it and made ready for the disbelievers. The abstraction intensifies the severity of their punishment.[3]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "ABSTRCT",
"exampleOfName": "Abstraction",
"id": "W956B",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/ABSTRCT:_Abstraction#W956B",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q108"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "لَهُ فِي قَلْبِهِ قَلْبٌ لا يَعْرِفُ الخَوْفَ",
"english": "Within his heart is a heart that knows no fear.",
"explanation": "The abstraction is mediated by the preposition fī. From the person’s own heart, a second heart is rhetorically abstracted and presented as existing within it. The construction intensifies the quality of courage by treating the fearless heart as though it were a distinct entity contained within the original."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "ABSTRCT",
"exampleOfName": "Abstraction",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-jawaher-1"
],
"id": "TD63C",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/ABSTRCT:_Abstraction#TD63C",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q108"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "فَقَاتِلُوا أَئِمَّةَ الْكُفْرِ",
"english": "Then fight the leaders of disbelief. (Q. 9:12)",
"explanation": "The abstraction is performed without any mediating preposition. The expression abstracts from the disbelievers a distinct class — the “leaders of disbelief” — and presents them as though they were a separate entity embodying and directing that disbelief.[1]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "ABSTRCT",
"exampleOfName": "Abstraction",
"id": "PQJ29",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/ABSTRCT:_Abstraction#PQJ29",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q108"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "إنَّ هؤلاء الجنودِ أسودَ الحربِ",
"english": "These soldiers are the lions of war.",
"explanation": "No prepositional marker mediates the abstraction. The lions of war are predicated directly of the soldiers, as an intensification of their ferocity, following the mechanism attested for this subtype in al-Hāshimī (2019)."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "ABSTRCT",
"exampleOfName": "Abstraction",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-akkawi-2"
],
"id": "DKVR7",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/ABSTRCT:_Abstraction#DKVR7",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q108"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "وَدَّعَ هُـرَّيـرَةَ إنَّ الـرَّكْبَ مُـرْتَجِـلُ وَهَـلْ تُـطِيقُ وَدَاعـاً أيُّهـا الـرَّجُـلُ",
"english": "Bid farewell to Hurraya, for the riders are departing — but are you even capable of farewell, O man?",
"explanation": "The speaker addresses himself (\"O man\") as if addressing another person, abstracting from himself a separate entity and directing speech at it.[2]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "ABSTRCT",
"exampleOfName": "Abstraction",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-atiq2-3"
],
"id": "8GGDA",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/ABSTRCT:_Abstraction#8GGDA",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q108"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "أقـولُ لـلنفسِ تـأسّاءَ وتعـزيـةً — إحـدى يـدَيَّ أصـابتني ولم تـرد",
"english": "I say to myself, in consolation and comfort: one of my own hands has struck me, without intending to.",
"explanation": "The speaker addresses himself in the second person, abstracting from himself a separate person to whom consolation is directed. ʿAtīq (2002) cites this verse, attributed to an anonymous poet, as an instance of the non-pure self-address form of tajrīd'.[3]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "ABSTRCT",
"exampleOfName": "Abstraction",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-atiq2-3"
],
"id": "YBMV8",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/ABSTRCT:_Abstraction#YBMV8",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q108"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "أقـولُ لها كـلَّما جشَّأت وَجَاشَت — مَكَـانَـكِ تُحْمَـدي أَوْ تَسْتَـريحي",
"english": "I say to it, whenever it heaves and surges: hold your place — you will be praised, or you will find rest.",
"explanation": "The speaker addresses his own soul directly, abstracting from himself a separate entity to which counsel is directed. ʿAtīq (2002) cites this verse, attributed to ʿUmar ibn al-Aṭnāba, as an instance of the non-pure self-address form of tajrīd.[3]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "ABSTRCT",
"exampleOfName": "Abstraction",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-jawaher-1"
],
"id": "BRJYR",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/ABSTRCT:_Abstraction#BRJYR",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q108"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "لا خيلَ عندكَ تهديها ولا مالُ — فليسعدِ النطقُ إن لم تسعدِ الحالُ",
"english": "You have neither horses to give as gifts nor wealth — so let eloquence prosper, if circumstance does not.",
"explanation": "Al-Mutanabbī addresses himself in the second person, abstracting from himself a separate person to whom he directs speech. Al-Hāshimī (2019) cites this as an instance of the self-address form of tajrīd, noting that the rhetorical function of this subtype is to allow a person to affirm for himself what it would be unseemly to state explicitly.[1]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "ABSTRCT",
"exampleOfName": "Abstraction",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-rf-5"
],
"id": "SUEYC",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/ABSTRCT:_Abstraction#SUEYC",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q108"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "فَلَئِنْ بَقِيتَ لَأَرْحَلَنَّ لِغَزْوَةٍ تَحْوِي الغَنَائِمَ أَوْ يَمُوتُ كَرِيمُ",
"english": "Should I stay alive, I will embark on a raid which will bring together much booty — unless a noble man should die.",
"explanation": "The speaker addresses himself and abstracts from himself “a noble man” (karīm) as though it were another entity sharing the same noble quality. This illustrates the self-address form of tajrīd following ʿAkkāwī (1996).[2] Heinrichs (1998) cites this verse as an instance of tajrīd without subtype assignment.[5] ʿAtīq (2002), however, assigns this same verse to the subtype in which abstraction occurs without a prepositional marker, interpreting karīm as the abstracted entity referring to the speaker himself.[3]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "ABSTRCT",
"exampleOfName": "Abstraction",
"id": "RU49Q",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/ABSTRCT:_Abstraction#RU49Q",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q108"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "لا مالَ عندكَ ولا جاهَ — فليكن صبرُكَ تاجَكَ",
"english": "You have neither wealth nor status — so let your patience be your crown.",
"explanation": "The speaker addresses himself in the second person as if addressing another person, abstracting from himself a separate entity to whom counsel is directed. This follows the self-address mechanism attested in Ḥafnī Nāṣif et al. (2012) and ʿAkkāwī (1996), and is modelled structurally on the al-Mutanabbī verse cited by al-Hāshimī (2019)."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "ABSTRCT",
"exampleOfName": "Abstraction",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-jawaher-1"
],
"id": "67BTE",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/ABSTRCT:_Abstraction#67BTE",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q108"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "يا خيرَ من ركبَ المطيَّ ولا يشربُ كأساً بكفِّ من بخلا",
"english": "O best of those who rode camels — one who does not drink a cup by the hand of a miser.",
"explanation": "The generosity of the subject is not stated directly but abstracted by implication: since he drinks only by his own hand, and drinking by a non-miser's hand implies drinking by a generous person's hand, a generous person is extracted from him indirectly. Al-Hāshimī (2019) classifies this as the kināya subtype of tajrīd.[1]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "ABSTRCT",
"exampleOfName": "Abstraction",
"id": "NJTWL",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/ABSTRCT:_Abstraction#NJTWL",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q108"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "هو لا يمشي إلى بابِ من يذلُّه",
"english": "He does not walk to the door of one who humiliates him.",
"explanation": "The speaker's dignity is not stated directly but abstracted by implication: since he walks only to doors that do not humiliate him, a person of dignity and self-respect is extracted from him indirectly. The abstraction operates via implication rather than explicit statement, following the kināya mechanism as described by al-Hāshimī (2019)."
}
],
"author": [
{
"@type": "Person",
"@id": "https://marathe.org/#mandar",
"honorificPrefix": "Dr",
"name": "Mandar Marathe",
"givenName": "Mandar",
"familyName": "Marathe",
"alternateName": "Dr Mandar Marathe",
"url": "https://marathe.org/",
"mainEntityOfPage": {
"@type": "WebPage",
"@id": "https://marathe.org/"
},
"identifier": [
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "ORCID",
"value": "0000-0002-6927-6836",
"url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836"
},
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "Google Scholar",
"value": "w-bT-iYAAAAJ",
"url": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ"
}
],
"sameAs": [
"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836",
"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ",
"https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=38961640000",
"https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/GRX-5034-2022",
"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mandar_Marathe",
"https://independent.academia.edu/MandarMaratheUK",
"https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Mandar-Marathe/34623281",
"https://arxiv.org/a/marathe_m_1.html",
"https://dblp.org/pid/413/7182",
"https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/mandar-marathe",
"https://www.linkedin.com/in/mandar-marathe-uk/",
"https://x.com/DrMMarathe",
"https://www.youtube.com/@drmandarmarathe",
"https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q19",
"https://balaghabase.org/wiki/Item:Q19"
],
"affiliation": [
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "The Arabic Research Institute",
"url": "https://arabicresearch.org/"
}
],
"owns": [
{
"@id": "https://marathe.org/#website"
},
{
"@id": "https://rhetorical-density.com/#website"
},
{
"@id": "https://balaghascore.com/#website"
},
{
"@id": "https://project.balaghascore.com/#website"
},
{
"@id": "https://al-balagha.com/#website"
},
{
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/#website"
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{
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}