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The analyst should compare the addressee's contextually indicated disposition with the degree of affirmation that would ordinarily correspond to that disposition. See Affirmation in Arabic (al-Taʾkīd).", "diagnosticCommunicativeEnhancements": "From the sources\nIrony or Sarcasm — a non-denying addressee may be treated as though they deny a proposition when their conduct contradicts what they themselves accept, allowing the unexpectedly strong affirmation to convey irony or sarcasm.[4]\n\nTreating the Proposition as Evident — a denying addressee may be treated as though non-denying, with the affirmation ordinarily required by their denial withheld, where the evidence establishing the proposition is regarded as sufficiently clear.[2][4]\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.", "references": [ { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/AFFIRM:_Affirmation#cite_note-atiq1v2-1", "citationNumber": 1, "citationKey": "atiq1v2", "text": "ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Atīq, ʿIlm al-Maʿānī (Cairo: Dār al-Āfāq al-ʿArabiyya, 2006), 31-52, ISBN 9773440764.", "html": "ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Atīq, ʿIlm al-Maʿānī (Cairo: Dār al-Āfāq al-ʿArabiyya, 2006), 31-52, ISBN 9773440764.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [ "9773440764" ], "doi": [], "url": [ "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9773440764" ] }, "links": [ { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "ISBN 9773440764", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9773440764", "kind": "internal" } ] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/AFFIRM:_Affirmation#cite_note-funun-2", "citationNumber": 2, "citationKey": "funun", "text": "Faḍl Ḥasan ʿAbbās, Al-Balāgha: Funūnuhā wa-Afnānuhā - ʿIlm al-Maʿānī (Irbid: Dār al-Furqān lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʿ, 1997), 113-146.", "html": "Faḍl Ḥasan ʿAbbās, Al-Balāgha: Funūnuhā wa-Afnānuhā - ʿIlm al-Maʿānī (Irbid: Dār al-Furqān lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʿ, 1997), 113-146.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [], "doi": [], "url": [] }, "links": [] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/AFFIRM:_Affirmation#cite_note-hatim-3", "citationNumber": 3, "citationKey": "hatim", "text": "Basil Hatim, Arabic Rhetoric: The Pragmatics of Deviation from Linguistic Norms, LINCOM Studies in Communication 04 (Munich: Lincom Europa, 2010), 136-146, ISBN 9783929075731.", "html": "Basil Hatim, Arabic Rhetoric: The Pragmatics of Deviation from Linguistic Norms, LINCOM Studies in Communication 04 (Munich: Lincom Europa, 2010), 136-146, ISBN 9783929075731.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [ "9783929075731" ], "doi": [], "url": [ "https://search.worldcat.org/title/526084179", "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783929075731" ] }, "links": [ { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "Arabic Rhetoric: The Pragmatics of Deviation from Linguistic Norms", "url": "https://search.worldcat.org/title/526084179", "rel": "nofollow", "kind": "external" }, { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "ISBN 9783929075731", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783929075731", "kind": "internal" } ] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/AFFIRM:_Affirmation#cite_note-abdul-raof-4", "citationNumber": 4, "citationKey": "abdul-raof", "text": "Hussein Abdul-Raof, Arabic Rhetoric: A Pragmatic Analysis (Oxford: Routledge, 2006), 108-114, ISBN 9780415386098. 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Indeed, the soul is surely prone to command evil. (Q12:53)", "explanation": "The first statement implicitly raises the question of why the speaker does not absolve themself. The second statement answers that implicit question and is affirmed with inna and the lām, treating the non-questioning addressee as though they had asked for an explanation.[5]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "AFFIRM", "exampleOfName": "Affirmation", "id": "4PYZL9Y", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/AFFIRM:_Affirmation#4PYZL9Y", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q42" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "لَنْ أَخْرُجَ الْيَوْمَ. إِنَّ الطَّقْسَ سَيِّئٌ.", "english": "I will not go out today. Indeed, the weather is bad.", "explanation": "The first statement implicitly invites the question \"Why will you not go out?\" The second answers that implicit question using inna, treating the non-questioning addressee as though they had sought an explanation." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "AFFIRM", "exampleOfName": "Affirmation", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-funun-130-6" ], "id": "X2S6GLS", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/AFFIRM:_Affirmation#X2S6GLS", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q42" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "ثُمَّ إِنَّكُمْ بَعْدَ ذَٰلِكَ لَمَيِّتُونَ", "english": "Then indeed, after that, you will surely die. (Q23:15)", "explanation": "The proposition that death will occur is not presented to an explicitly denying addressee, yet it is strongly affirmed with inna and the lām. Funūn explains that people's conduct may resemble that of those who deny death, so they are treated as deniers and addressed with the corresponding degree of affirmation.[6]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "AFFIRM", "exampleOfName": "Affirmation", "id": "KR7LJQQ", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/AFFIRM:_Affirmation#KR7LJQQ", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q42" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "إِنَّ الْوَقْتَ لَسَرِيعُ الْمُضِيِّ.", "english": "Indeed, time surely passes quickly.", "explanation": "The addressee does not deny that time passes quickly, but their conduct is treated as though it amounted to denial. The proposition is therefore given stronger affirmation than their explicit belief would ordinarily require." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "AFFIRM", "exampleOfName": "Affirmation", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-funun-135-7" ], "id": "DU3PTS6", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/AFFIRM:_Affirmation#DU3PTS6", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q42" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "قُلْ هُوَ ٱللَّهُ أَحَدٌ", "english": "Say: He is God, One. Quran 112:1", "explanation": "The proposition is addressed to those who deny the oneness of God, yet it is presented without the degree of affirmation ordinarily expected for a denying addressee. Funūn explains that the evidence establishing God's oneness is sufficiently clear that the deniers are treated as though they were non-denying, and the statement is therefore delivered without additional affirmation.[7]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "AFFIRM", "exampleOfName": "Affirmation", "id": "5GZC7KK", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/AFFIRM:_Affirmation#5GZC7KK", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q42" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "الشَّمْسُ مُشْرِقَةٌ.", "english": "The sun is shining.", "explanation": "The addressee denies a proposition for which the evidence is immediately apparent, but the communicator nevertheless uses an unaffirmed reporting statement, treating the addressee as though their denial did not require affirmation." } ], "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "@id": "https://marathe.org/#mandar", "honorificPrefix": "Dr", "name": "Mandar Marathe", "givenName": "Mandar", "familyName": "Marathe", "alternateName": "Dr Mandar Marathe", "url": "https://marathe.org/", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://marathe.org/" }, "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-6927-6836", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "Google Scholar", "value": "w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "url": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ" } ], "sameAs": [ "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836", "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=38961640000", "https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/GRX-5034-2022", "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mandar_Marathe", "https://independent.academia.edu/MandarMaratheUK", "https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Mandar-Marathe/34623281", "https://arxiv.org/a/marathe_m_1.html", "https://dblp.org/pid/413/7182", "https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/mandar-marathe", "https://www.linkedin.com/in/mandar-marathe-uk/", "https://x.com/DrMMarathe", "https://www.youtube.com/@drmandarmarathe", "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q19", "https://balaghabase.org/wiki/Item:Q19" ], "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "The Arabic Research Institute", "url": "https://arabicresearch.org/" } ], "owns": [ { "@id": "https://marathe.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://rhetorical-density.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://project.balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balagha-corpus.com/#website" } ] } ] }