{ "@context": { "@vocab": "https://schema.org/", "balagha": "https://al-balagha.com/ns/", "skos": "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#" }, "@type": [ "Article", "WebPage" ], "@id": "https://doi.org/10.64393/balagha.Q70", "balagha:schemaVersion": "1.0", "name": "COLCOMB: Colour Combination", "balagha:htmlTitle": "COLCOMB: Colour Combination - Encyclopedia of Arabic Rhetoric", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/COLCOMB:_Colour_Combination", "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "DOI", "value": "10.64393/balagha.Q70", "url": "https://doi.org/10.64393/balagha.Q70" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "MediaWiki Page ID", "value": "596" } ], "sameAs": [ "https://doi.org/10.64393/balagha.Q70", "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q70" ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "al-Balagha.com: The Encyclopedia of Arabic Rhetoric", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/" }, "isPartOf": { "@type": "CollectionPage", "name": "al-Balagha.com: The Encyclopedia of Arabic Rhetoric", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/" }, "inLanguage": "en-GB", "keywords": [ "Arabic Rhetoric", "Balagha", "Corpus Linguistics", "COLCOMB: Colour Combination", "Colour Combination", "التدبيج", "al-tadbīj", "COLCOMB", "Q70", "Linguistic Embellishments (‘ilm al-badī‘)", "Contrasts & Inversions", "CA-9", "W4415372293" ], "citation": "Marathe, Mandar. 'COLCOMB: Colour Combination'. Al-Balagha.com. https://doi.org/10.64393/balagha.Q70", "dateModified": "2026-09-18T00:27:07+00:00", "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/", "copyrightHolder": { "@type": "Person", "@id": "https://marathe.org/#mandar", "name": "Dr Mandar Marathe", "url": "https://marathe.org/" }, "encoding": [ { "@type": "MediaObject", "encodingFormat": "text/html", "contentUrl": "https://al-balagha.com/html/COLCOMB.html" }, { "@type": "MediaObject", "encodingFormat": "application/pdf", "contentUrl": "https://al-balagha.com/pdf/COLCOMB.pdf" }, { "@type": "MediaObject", "encodingFormat": "application/ld+json", "contentUrl": "https://al-balagha.com/json/COLCOMB.json" } ], "balagha:archive": { "@type": "balagha:Archive", "balagha:htmlUrl": "https://al-balagha.com/html/COLCOMB.html", "balagha:pdfUrl": "https://al-balagha.com/pdf/COLCOMB.pdf", "balagha:jsonUrl": "https://al-balagha.com/json/COLCOMB.json" }, "balagha:contentType": "RhetoricalDevice", "balagha:categories": [ "Arabic Rhetorical Devices", "Linguistic Embellishments (‘ilm al-badī‘)", "Contrasts & Inversions", "ARDT v0.1.1" ], "balagha:internalIds": { "@type": "balagha:InternalIds", "balagha:mediaWikiPageId": "596", "balagha:mediaWikiRevisionId": "13350" }, "balagha:capture": { "@type": "balagha:Capture", "balagha:capturedAt": "2026-09-18T09:38:07.204Z", "balagha:generator": "MediaWiki 1.40.1", "balagha:sourceUrl": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/COLCOMB:_Colour_Combination", "balagha:canonicalUrl": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/COLCOMB:_Colour_Combination" }, "balagha:content": { "definition": "From the sources\nColour Combination (al-tadbīj) is an Arabic rhetorical device involving the coordinated use of two or more colour expressions. Classical accounts attest two principal forms: the colour expressions may be placed in semantic opposition, or they may be used without opposition while contributing further associative or figurative meanings through devices such as Implicit Reference or Pun.[1][2][3]\nNābulsī also allows a broader use in which two or more colours are employed for description alone.[3]", "linguisticOperation": "From the sources\nThe linguistic operation involves the coordinated use of two or more colour expressions in one passage. The relationship between those expressions may take different forms:\n\nContrastive use: the colour expressions are placed in a relationship of semantic opposition or contrast. Nāṣif et al. define al-tadbīj specifically in terms of opposition (al-taqābul) between colour expressions.[1][2]\n\nAssociative use: the colour expressions need not oppose one another. Instead, colours may be used to convey or evoke meanings beyond their literal chromatic reference, including through kināyah or tawriyah. The additional meaning may contribute to praise, amatory expression, description, satire, or another rhetorical purpose.[2][3]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nFor operational identification in the encyclopedia, the mere co-occurrence of several literal colour words is not sufficient by itself. A rhetorical instance of Colour Combination must exhibit an identifiable relationship or pattern involving the colour expressions, such as semantic contrast between them or the activation of further associative or figurative meanings through them.\nNābulsī's allowance for colours used solely for description is therefore treated as a broader historically attested use of the term rather than, by itself, sufficient evidence of a distinct rhetorical operation.", "recognition": "Encyclopedia Interpretation\nColour Combination may be present when:\n\nTwo or more explicit colour expressions occur within the same local expression or passage; and\nthe colours participate in an identifiable rhetorical relationship, which may consist of:\n \n semantic opposition between the colour expressions; or\n secondary associative or figurative meanings activated by the colour expressions.\n \n\nThe simple descriptive enumeration of colours, without contrast, secondary meaning, or other identifiable rhetorical patterning, is not sufficient for operational annotation as Colour Combination.", "diagnosticCommunicativeEnhancements": "From the sources\nThe reviewed sources describe al-tadbīj as being employed in contexts including amatory expression (tashbīb), praise (madḥ), description (waṣf), satire, and other literary purposes.[2][3]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nThese are principally domains or purposes of use rather than distinct pragmatic effects in themselves. In individual instances, the pragmatic effect depends on the meanings activated by the colour expressions. For example, an associated meaning conveyed through a colour may contribute to praise, emotional characterisation, evaluation, or another context-dependent effect.\nIn the contrastive form, rhetorical force may additionally arise from the perceived opposition between the colour expressions.\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.", "differentFrom": "Parallel Antithesis - Nāṣif et al. (2012) classify Colour Contrast as a subtype of Parallel Antithesis, the broader device of opposition between paired meanings; Colour Contrast is the specific case where the opposing terms are colour words.[1]\nANTITH: Antithesis of two terms - ʿAkkāwī (1996) relates Colour Contrast - particularly in its al-mukhālif subtype — to al-ṭibāq, the opposition between two contrary terms.[2]", "notes": { "technicalNotes": "Etymology: The term al-tadbīj derives from al-dībāj (al-dībāj), a Persian loanword for brocade silk, associated with ornamentation and variegated colouring.[2]\nAttribution: ʿAkkāwī (1996) attributes the identification of al-tadbīj as a distinct rhetorical device to Ibn Abī al-Iṣbaʿ al-Miṣrī.[2]\nClassificatory divergence: Nāṣif et al. (2012) classify al-tadbīj as a subtype of al-muqābala; ʿAkkāwī (1996) treats it as an independent device related to al-ṭibāq.[1][2]\nʿAkkāwī (1996) records that Ibn Sinān recognised a second meaning of al-tadbīj, which he termed al-mukhālif (the contrasting), described as that which approximates al-taḍādd. Some scholars count this under al-muṭābiq.[2]\nClassificatory variation: Definitions of al-tadbīj vary in scope. Nāṣif et al. and one formulation recorded by ʿAkkāwī characterise the device through opposition between colour expressions, while the definition transmitted from Ibn Abī al-Iṣbaʿ and Nābulsī's account permit a broader combination of colour terms. Nābulsī explicitly states that the colours may be mentioned for description alone.[1][2][3]\nNāṣif et al. (2012) classify al-tadbīj as a subtype of al-muqābala, the broader device of opposition between paired meanings; this corresponds to the Contrasting Colour Combination form distinguished on this page.[1]\nʿAkkāwī (1996) relates the contrasting conception of al-tadbīj — particularly in connection with al-mukhālif — to al-ṭibāq, the opposition between contrary terms.[2]" }, "references": [ { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/COLCOMB:_Colour_Combination#cite_note-nasif-1", "citationNumber": 1, "citationKey": "nasif", "text": "Ḥafnī Nāṣif, Muḥammad Diyāb, Sultan Muḥammad and Muṣṭafā Ṭammām, Durūs al-Balāgha (Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2012), 107, ISBN 9786144162798.", "html": "Ḥafnī Nāṣif, Muḥammad Diyāb, Sultan Muḥammad and Muṣṭafā Ṭammām, Durūs al-Balāgha (Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2012), 107, ISBN 9786144162798.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [ "9786144162798" ], "doi": [], "url": [ "https://archive.org/details/3136pdf_202001/page/n107/mode/2up", "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786144162798" ] }, "links": [ { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "Durūs al-Balāgha", "url": "https://archive.org/details/3136pdf_202001/page/n107/mode/2up", "rel": "nofollow", "kind": "external" }, { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "ISBN 9786144162798", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786144162798", "kind": "internal" } ] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/COLCOMB:_Colour_Combination#cite_note-akkawi-2", "citationNumber": 2, "citationKey": "akkawi", "text": "Inʿām Fawwāl ʿAkkāwī, Al-Muʿjam al-Mufaṣṣal fī ʿUlūm al-Balāgha: Al-Badīʿ wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Maʿānī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1996), 298-299.", "html": "Inʿām Fawwāl ʿAkkāwī, Al-Muʿjam al-Mufaṣṣal fī ʿUlūm al-Balāgha: Al-Badīʿ wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Maʿānī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1996), 298-299.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [], "doi": [], "url": [] }, "links": [] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/COLCOMB:_Colour_Combination#cite_note-cachia-3", "citationNumber": 3, "citationKey": "cachia", "text": "Pierre Cachia, The Arch Rhetorician: Or The Schemer’s Skimmer: A Handbook of Late Arabic Badīʻ Drawn from ʻAbd al-Ghanī an-Nābulsī’s Nafaḥāt al-Azhār ʻala Nasamāt al-Asḥār, Studies in Arabic Language and Literature 3 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998), p. 46; §69, ISBN 9783447040327.", "html": "Pierre Cachia, The Arch Rhetorician: Or The Schemer’s Skimmer: A Handbook of Late Arabic Badīʻ Drawn from ʻAbd al-Ghanī an-Nābulsī’s Nafaḥāt al-Azhār ʻala Nasamāt al-Asḥār, Studies in Arabic Language and Literature 3 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998), p. 46; §69, ISBN 9783447040327.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [ "9783447040327" ], "doi": [], "url": [ "https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/55982312", "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447040327" ] }, "links": [ { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "The Arch Rhetorician: Or The Schemer’s Skimmer: A Handbook of Late Arabic Badīʻ Drawn from ʻAbd al-Ghanī an-Nābulsī’s Nafaḥāt al-Azhār ʻala Nasamāt al-Asḥār", "url": "https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/55982312", "rel": "nofollow", "kind": "external" }, { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "ISBN 9783447040327", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447040327", "kind": "internal" } ] } ], "pageHistory": [ { "@type": "balagha:PageHistoryEntry", "position": 1, "date": "2026-08-16", "description": "Renamed from COLCONT: Colour Contrast to COLCOMB: Colour Combination to more accurately reflect the wider scope of the rhetorical device.", "text": "2026-08-16 - 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The colours are not presented principally as antonymic pairs; rather, they organise a sequence involving physical appearance, ageing, emotion, and the changing conditions of time, culminating in talawwunāt al-zamān (“the changing colours of time”).[3]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "COLCOMB", "exampleOfName": "Colour Combination", "id": "H2ZYN", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/COLCOMB:_Colour_Combination#H2ZYN", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q70" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "رَفَعُوا رَايَاتٍ بَيْضَاءَ لِلسَّلَامِ، وَحَمَلُوا أَغْصَانًا خَضْرَاءَ لِلْأَمَلِ، وَعَلَّقُوا شُرُطًا حَمْرَاءَ تَذْكِيرًا بِالتَّضْحِيَةِ.", "english": "They raised white banners for peace, carried green branches for hope, and hung red ribbons in remembrance of sacrifice.", "explanation": "The colours white, green, and red do not form a set of semantic opposites. Each colour expression instead carries an explicitly associated meaning — peace, hope, and sacrifice respectively — illustrating Non-contrasting Colour Combination through associative rather than contrastive colour use." } ], "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "@id": "https://marathe.org/#mandar", "honorificPrefix": "Dr", "name": "Mandar Marathe", "givenName": "Mandar", "familyName": "Marathe", "alternateName": "Dr Mandar Marathe", "url": "https://marathe.org/", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://marathe.org/" }, "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-6927-6836", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "Google Scholar", "value": "w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "url": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ" } ], "sameAs": [ "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836", "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=38961640000", "https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/GRX-5034-2022", "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mandar_Marathe", "https://independent.academia.edu/MandarMaratheUK", "https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Mandar-Marathe/34623281", "https://arxiv.org/a/marathe_m_1.html", "https://dblp.org/pid/413/7182", "https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/mandar-marathe", "https://www.linkedin.com/in/mandar-marathe-uk/", "https://x.com/DrMMarathe", "https://www.youtube.com/@drmandarmarathe", "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q19", "https://balaghabase.org/wiki/Item:Q19" ], "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "The Arabic Research Institute", "url": "https://arabicresearch.org/" } ], "owns": [ { "@id": "https://marathe.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://rhetorical-density.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://project.balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balagha-corpus.com/#website" } ] } ] }