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Its two baseline communicative values are fāʾidat al-khabar, where the addressee is informed of something not already known, and lāzim al-fāʾida, where the communicator indicates awareness of information already known to the addressee.[3]\n\nIn this device, the sentence retains declarative form but performs a contextually recoverable communicative function beyond ordinary reporting. Hatim describes this as a mismatch between Statement (khabar) in grammatical form and Originative utterance (inshāʾ) in meaning.[2]\n\nThis form-function mismatch is also expressed in the traditional formulation cited by ʿAkkāwī from al-Mubarrad: wa-al-lafẓu lafẓu al-ikhbāri wa-al-maʿnā maʿnā al-duʿāʾ, \"the wording is the wording of informing, while the meaning is the meaning of supplication.\"[4]\n\nThe performative function is determined from context rather than from declarative form alone. Hatim emphasises that interpretation of the unexpected speech-act switch requires the meaning of the wider discourse, while Abdul-Raof describes reporting statements as capable of conveying implicit context-sensitive functions such as warning, threatening, instructing, and reproaching.[2][3]", "recognition": "Declarative Sentences in Performative Roles may be present when:\n\nThe sentence is grammatically declarative (khabar).[2][1]\nIn context, the sentence performs or expresses a communicative function beyond ordinary reporting, such as command, prohibition, supplication, warning, threat, praise, or astonishment.[4][5][3]\nThe additional function depends upon the context of the utterance rather than upon a change from declarative grammatical form.[2][3]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\n For annotation, first determine whether the sentence has declarative form, and then ask whether the context supports a communicative function beyond ordinary reporting. If the sentence functions only to convey its proposition, this device is not present; if the declarative also performs or expresses an additional contextually recoverable communicative function, annotate Declarative Sentences in Performative Roles.", "diagnosticCommunicativeEnhancements": "From the sources\nWhen declarative sentences are used in performative roles, they can have a wide range of pragmatic effects as described in the \"Types of Declarative Sentences in Performative Roles\" section.\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.", "differentFrom": "The converse phenomenon — a performative expression used where a declarative is contextually expected (waḍʿ al-inshāʾ mawḍiʿ al-khabar) — reverses the direction of the form–function relationship described on this page. Nāṣif et al. and Hatim discuss the two directions together.[1][2]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation Interrogative, Imperative, Prohibition, Vocative, Wish, Praise and Dispraise, and Astonishment describe particular sentence-types or rhetorical functions. Declarative Sentences in Performative Roles instead identifies the use of declarative wording to perform or express an additional contextually recoverable communicative function. It may therefore co-occur with one of these devices when that function is realised through declarative wording.", "notes": { "technicalNotes": "From the sources\nFunūn/al-Zarkashī (pp. 129–145) was reviewed for this device but found not materially relevant: it addresses a different, adjacent departure from muqtaḍā al-ẓāhir — including variation in the use of affirmation according to the state in which the addressee is treated — rather than the use of declarative wording in additional communicative roles. It has accordingly not been cited on this page.\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nThe diagnostic rhetorical effects listed on this page are not restricted to independently established grammatical categories of inshāʾ. Ibn Fāris, as cited by ʿAtīq, explicitly states that the wording of khabar may bear a range of meanings, including astonishment, wishing, denial, negation, command, prohibition, magnification, supplication, promise, and threat.[25] The encyclopedia therefore treats the relevant distinction operationally as one between declarative form and an additional contextually recoverable communicative function, rather than requiring the function to correspond to an independent grammatical sentence-type.\nThe diagnostic rhetorical effects are not presented as mutually exclusive subtypes. A single declarative expression may combine more than one function or effect; for example, a declarative command may simultaneously encourage compliance or express solidarity. The effects therefore assist in identifying and describing the pragmatic function of the declarative construction rather than constituting an exclusive classification system.[2]\nDenial (al-inkār) and Negation (al-nafy) are distinguished operationally in this encyclopedia as follows: Denial functions to reject or refute a specific claim or accusation attributable to the addressee or a third party, and may be conveyed by an affirmative declarative (see the \"out of town\" constructed example) as readily as by a negated one. Negation functions to deny the presence, validity, or relevance of a state of affairs more generally, without necessarily rejecting anyone's specific assertion, and — per ʿĀtiq's source example — is typically, though not necessarily, conveyed through an explicit negation particle." }, "references": [ { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#cite_note-nasif-1", "citationNumber": 1, "citationKey": "nasif", "text": "Ḥafnī Nāṣif, Muḥammad Diyāb, Sultan Muḥammad and Muṣṭafā Ṭammām, Durūs al-Balāgha (Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2012), 75-80, ISBN 9786144162798.", "html": "Ḥafnī Nāṣif, Muḥammad Diyāb, Sultan Muḥammad and Muṣṭafā Ṭammām, Durūs al-Balāgha (Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2012), 75-80, ISBN 9786144162798.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [ "9786144162798" ], "doi": [], "url": [ "https://archive.org/details/3136pdf_202001/page/n31/mode/2up", "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786144162798" ] }, "links": [ { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "Durūs al-Balāgha", "url": "https://archive.org/details/3136pdf_202001/page/n31/mode/2up", "rel": "nofollow", "kind": "external" }, { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "ISBN 9786144162798", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786144162798", "kind": "internal" } ] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#cite_note-hatim-2", "citationNumber": 2, "citationKey": "hatim", "text": "Basil Hatim, Arabic Rhetoric: The Pragmatics of Deviation from Linguistic Norms, LINCOM Studies in Communication 04 (Munich: Lincom Europa, 2010), 125-129, ISBN 9783929075731.", "html": "Basil Hatim, Arabic Rhetoric: The Pragmatics of Deviation from Linguistic Norms, LINCOM Studies in Communication 04 (Munich: Lincom Europa, 2010), 125-129, ISBN 9783929075731.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [ "9783929075731" ], "doi": [], "url": [ "https://search.worldcat.org/title/526084179", "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783929075731" ] }, "links": [ { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "Arabic Rhetoric: The Pragmatics of Deviation from Linguistic Norms", "url": "https://search.worldcat.org/title/526084179", "rel": "nofollow", "kind": "external" }, { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "ISBN 9783929075731", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783929075731", "kind": "internal" } ] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#cite_note-abdul-raof-3", "citationNumber": 3, "citationKey": "abdul-raof", "text": "Hussein Abdul-Raof, Arabic Rhetoric: A Pragmatic Analysis (Oxford: Routledge, 2006), 103-121, ISBN 9780415386098. 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"skos:broader": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q40" } }, { "@type": "DefinedTerm", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-ED", "name": "Expressing Desire", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-ED", "balagha:localId": "DECPERF-ED", "balagha:kind": "subtype", "balagha:parentId": "DECPERF", "balagha:arabicName": "إظهار الرغبة", "balagha:transliteration": "iẓhār al-raghba", "balagha:definition": null, "balagha:examples": [ "JT4ZB", "ZWCBB" ], "skos:broader": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q40" } }, { "@type": "DefinedTerm", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-OP", "name": "Optimism", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-OP", "balagha:localId": "DECPERF-OP", "balagha:kind": "subtype", "balagha:parentId": "DECPERF", "balagha:arabicName": 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"https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-SR", "name": "Stirring Resolve", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-SR", "balagha:localId": "DECPERF-SR", "balagha:kind": "subtype", "balagha:parentId": "DECPERF", "balagha:arabicName": null, "balagha:transliteration": null, "balagha:definition": null, "balagha:examples": [ "T9MMX", "DWKJ5" ], "skos:broader": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q40" } }, { "@type": "DefinedTerm", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-PR", "name": "Praise", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-PR", "balagha:localId": "DECPERF-PR", "balagha:kind": "subtype", "balagha:parentId": "DECPERF", "balagha:arabicName": null, "balagha:transliteration": null, "balagha:definition": null, "balagha:examples": [ "9XXLY", "NAFJV", "MKMSMA8", "AN2YMR" ], "skos:broader": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q40" } }, { "@type": "DefinedTerm", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-RP", "name": "Reproach", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-RP", "balagha:localId": "DECPERF-RP", "balagha:kind": "subtype", "balagha:parentId": "DECPERF", "balagha:arabicName": null, "balagha:transliteration": null, "balagha:definition": null, "balagha:examples": [ "UAR727", "KCQ9N" ], "skos:broader": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q40" } }, { "@type": "DefinedTerm", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-MG", "name": "Magnification", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-MG", "balagha:localId": "DECPERF-MG", "balagha:kind": "subtype", "balagha:parentId": "DECPERF", "balagha:arabicName": null, "balagha:transliteration": null, "balagha:definition": null, "balagha:examples": [ "8Q2M2F" ], "skos:broader": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q40" } }, { "@type": "DefinedTerm", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-AS", "name": "Astonishment", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-AS", "balagha:localId": "DECPERF-AS", "balagha:kind": "subtype", "balagha:parentId": "DECPERF", "balagha:arabicName": null, "balagha:transliteration": null, "balagha:definition": null, "balagha:examples": [ "7HRFQ1", "KJU9V" ], "skos:broader": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q40" } }, { "@type": "DefinedTerm", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-DN", "name": "Denial", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-DN", "balagha:localId": "DECPERF-DN", "balagha:kind": "subtype", "balagha:parentId": "DECPERF", "balagha:arabicName": null, "balagha:transliteration": null, "balagha:definition": null, "balagha:examples": [ "438WL1", "DLU26U" ], "skos:broader": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q40" } }, { "@type": "DefinedTerm", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-NG", "name": "Negation", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-NG", "balagha:localId": "DECPERF-NG", "balagha:kind": "subtype", "balagha:parentId": "DECPERF", "balagha:arabicName": null, "balagha:transliteration": null, "balagha:definition": null, "balagha:examples": [ "FGE6DW", "4DUW3" ], "skos:broader": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q40" } } ], "balagha:examples": [ { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-CM", "exampleOfName": "Command", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-atiq1v2-5" ], "id": "3UN2M", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#3UN2M", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-CM" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "وَالْمُطَلَّقَاتُ يَتَرَبَّصْنَ بِأَنْفُسِهِنَّ ثَلَاثَةَ قُرُوءٍ", "english": "Divorced women shall wait by themselves for three periods. (al-Baqara 2:228)", "explanation": "ʿAtīq cites this under Command (al-amr) as an example of declarative wording carrying the meaning of a command.[6]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-CM", "exampleOfName": "Command", "id": "MVFBM", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#MVFBM", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-CM" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "تُرْسِلُ لِي التَّقْرِيرَ غَدًا", "english": "You send me the report tomorrow.", "explanation": "Used as a directive rather than as a prediction, the declarative performs the function of the corresponding imperative أَرْسِلْ لِي التَّقْرِيرَ غَدًا (\"Send me the report tomorrow\")." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-PH", "exampleOfName": "Prohibition", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-atiq1v2-5" ], "id": "WQLXT", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#WQLXT", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-PH" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "لَا يَمَسُّهُ إِلَّا الْمُطَهَّرُونَ", "english": "None touch it except the purified. (al-Wāqiʿa 56:79)", "explanation": "ʿAtīq cites this under Prohibition (al-nahy) as an example of declarative wording carrying the meaning of a prohibition.[7]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-PH", "exampleOfName": "Prohibition", "id": "FY8XD", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#FY8XD", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-PH" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "لا يدخلُ هذه القاعةَ أحدٌ بعد بدءِ الامتحان", "english": "No one enters this hall after the exam has begun.", "explanation": "In place of the prohibitive \"Do not enter this hall after the exam begins\" (lā tadkhul...), the declarative states the rule as an established fact, giving it added firmness." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-IN", "exampleOfName": "Instruction", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-abdul-raof106-8" ], "id": "4XLDS", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#4XLDS", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-IN" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "يَنْبَغِي أَنْ تُنْجِزَ وَاجِبَاتِكَ الْمَنْزِلِيَّةَ الْآنَ", "english": "You have to do your homework now.", "explanation": "Abdul-Raof explicitly gives this reporting statement under the rhetorical function \"to instruct someone.\" He explains that its communicative value depends on the addressee's prior awareness: for a student unaware of the deadline it has high communicative value as a reporting value, whereas for a student who already knows the deadline but is ambivalent towards it, it functions as a reporting added value.[8]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-IN", "exampleOfName": "Instruction", "id": "GQ3PF", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#GQ3PF", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-IN" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "مَوْعِدُ تَسْلِيمِ الْبَحْثِ غَدًا", "english": "The deadline for submitting the paper is tomorrow.", "explanation": "In a context where this is said in order to direct the addressee to submit the paper by the deadline, the declarative functions pragmatically as an instruction rather than merely conveying information." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-PL", "exampleOfName": "Politeness", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-hatim126-9" ], "id": "BFRD9", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#BFRD9", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-PL" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "يَنظُرُ مَوْلَايَ إِلَيَّ لَحْظَةً", "english": "Would my master look at me for a moment?", "explanation": "The servant uses a declarative sentence in place of the direct imperative انظر إليّ يا مولاي (\"Look at me, my master\"). The declarative therefore performs the request while avoiding the directness of commanding the addressee.[9]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-PL", "exampleOfName": "Politeness", "id": "N5WX2", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#N5WX2", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-PL" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "يَنْظُرُ الأُسْتَاذُ فِي طَلَبِي", "english": "Would the professor consider my request?", "explanation": "The declarative is used as a polite request rather than as a prediction about what the professor will do, avoiding the more direct imperative انظر في طلبي." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-EC", "exampleOfName": "Encouraging Compliance", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-hatim127-10" ], "id": "GUC9B", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#GUC9B", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-EC" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "تَزُورُنِي غَدًا", "english": "You visit me tomorrow.", "explanation": "The declarative is used in place of the direct imperative زُرْنِي غَدًا (\"Visit me tomorrow\"). Hatim explains that the declarative formulation is more conducive to obtaining the addressee's compliance than the corresponding direct command.[10]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-EC", "exampleOfName": "Encouraging Compliance", "id": "54QLK", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#54QLK", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-EC" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "تُرْسِلُ لِي التَّقْرِيرَ غَدًا", "english": "You send me the report tomorrow.", "explanation": "In a context where the communicator is seeking the addressee's compliance rather than predicting a future event, the declarative functions as a directive corresponding to أَرْسِلْ لِي التَّقْرِيرَ غَدًا (\"Send me the report tomorrow\")." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-SO", "exampleOfName": "Expressing Solidarity", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-hatim127-10" ], "id": "8JJFL", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#8JJFL", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-SO" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا هَلْ أَدُلُّكُمْ عَلَى تِجَارَةٍ تُنجِيكُم مِّنْ عَذَابٍ أَلِيمٍ * تُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَتُجَاهِدُونَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ", "english": "You who believe! Shall I lead you to a bargain that will save you from a grievous penalty? That you believe in God and His Apostle, and that you strive in the cause of God. (al-Ṣaff 61:10–11)", "explanation": "تؤمنون بالله... is a Command in meaning but a Statement in form. Hatim explains that, as a Statement, it expresses solidarity with the community being addressed and is thereby maximally persuasive.[10]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-SO", "exampleOfName": "Expressing Solidarity", "id": "CUZR6", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#CUZR6", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-SO" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "أَبْنَاءُ هَذَا الْوَطَنِ يَتَعَاوَنُونَ عَلَى بِنَائِهِ", "english": "The sons of this nation cooperate in building it.", "explanation": "Used as an exhortation to a community rather than merely as a report about its members, the declarative frames the desired action as shared communal conduct, reproducing the source-attested solidarity mechanism." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-SU", "exampleOfName": "Supplication", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-akkawi558-11" ], "id": "9C7EW", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#9C7EW", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-SU" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ", "english": "It is You we worship, and You we ask for help. (al-Fātiḥa 1:5)", "explanation": "Al-Mubarrad is cited describing this verse as declarative in wording but supplicatory in meaning: واللفظ لفظ الإخبار والمعنى معنى الدعاء, \"the wording is that of informing, while the meaning is that of supplication,\" namely, \"help us in Your worship.\"[11]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-SU", "exampleOfName": "Supplication", "id": "87FD9", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#87FD9", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-SU" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "رَحِمَ اللهُ وَالِدَيْكَ", "english": "May God have mercy on your parents. (lit. \"God had mercy on your parents.\")", "explanation": "The past-tense declarative functions not merely as a report that God has shown mercy to the addressee's parents, but as a supplication that He do so." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-WI", "exampleOfName": "Wish", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-atiq1v2-51-12" ], "id": "L9GT3", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#L9GT3", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-WI" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "وَدِدْتُكَ عِنْدَنَا", "english": "I wished you were with us.", "explanation": "ʿAtīq, citing Aḥmad ibn Fāris, gives this as an example of Wish (al-tamannī) among the meanings that declarative wording may convey.[12]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-WI", "exampleOfName": "Wish", "id": "TW2SR", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#TW2SR", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-WI" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "وَدِدْتُ أَنَّ أَيَّامَ الصِّبَا تَعُودُ", "english": "I wish that the days of youth would return.", "explanation": "The declarative expression of desire functions pragmatically as a wish rather than merely reporting the communicator's state." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-ED", "exampleOfName": "Expressing Desire", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-hatim126-9" ], "id": "JT4ZB", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#JT4ZB", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-ED" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "يَغْفِرُ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ", "english": "May God forgive you. (Yūsuf 12:92)", "explanation": "The expression is declarative in form but expresses the communicator's desire that forgiveness take place. Hatim contrasts it with the more directly performative رَبِّي اغْفِرْ لَهُمْ, explaining that the latter would introduce an additional implication that the desired outcome might be unattainable.[13]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-ED", "exampleOfName": "Expressing Desire", "id": "ZWCBB", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#ZWCBB", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-ED" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "يَجْمَعُ اللهُ شَمْلَنَا قَرِيبًا", "english": "May God reunite us soon.", "explanation": "The present-tense declarative is used not merely to predict a future reunion but to express the communicator's desire that it take place, following the source-attested declarative-for-desire mechanism." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-OP", "exampleOfName": "Optimism", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-hatim125-14" ], "id": "FWK75", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#FWK75", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-OP" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "غَفَرَ اللهُ لَهُ", "english": "May God forgive him! (lit. \"God has forgiven him.\")", "explanation": "The expression is a Statement (khabar) in form but a supplication (duʿāʾ) in meaning. By presenting the desired forgiveness as though it has already occurred, the declarative form creates optimism and joy.[14]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-OP", "exampleOfName": "Optimism", "id": "BLPXE", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#BLPXE", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-OP" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "غَفَرَ اللهُ لَهُ ذَنْبَهُ", "english": "May God forgive him his sin! (lit. \"God has forgiven him his sin.\")", "explanation": "The past-tense declarative presents the desired forgiveness as though it has already occurred, reproducing the source-attested mechanism by which declarative form expresses supplication with an effect of optimism." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-PR", "exampleOfName": "Promise", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-akkawi559-15" ], "id": "9XXLY", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#9XXLY", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-PR" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "سَنُرِيهِمْ آيَاتِنَا فِي الْآفَاقِ", "english": "We shall show them Our signs in the horizons. (Fuṣṣilat 41:53)", "explanation": "ʿAkkāwī cites this under Promise (al-waʿd) as an example of declarative wording carrying the meaning of a promise.[15]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-PR", "exampleOfName": "Promise", "id": "NAFJV", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#NAFJV", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-PR" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "سَأُكَافِئُ كُلَّ طَالِبٍ مُجْتَهِدٍ فِي نِهَايَةِ الْعَامِ", "english": "I will reward every diligent student at the end of the year.", "explanation": "In a context where the communicator undertakes to perform the future action rather than merely predicting it, the declarative functions as a promise." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-TH", "exampleOfName": "Threat", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-atiq1v2-51-12" ], "id": "JS3J7", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#JS3J7", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-TH" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "وَسَيَعْلَمُ الَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا أَيَّ مُنقَلَبٍ يَنقَلِبُونَ", "english": "Those who transgress will soon know the [terrible] end they will meet. (al-Shuʿarāʾ 26:227)", "explanation": "ʿĀtiq cites this under Threat (al-waʿīd) as an example of declarative wording carrying the meaning of a threat, alongside the corresponding waʿd (promise) example on the same page.[16]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-TH", "exampleOfName": "Threat", "id": "YYXTL", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#YYXTL", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-TH" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "سَتَرَى عَاقِبَةَ فِعْلِكَ", "english": "You will see the consequence of what you have done.", "explanation": "In a context of threatened consequences rather than neutral prediction, the declarative future statement functions as a threat." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-WN", "exampleOfName": "Warning", "unresolvedSourceReferenceKeys": [ "akkawi557" ], "id": "EK33B", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#EK33B", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-WN" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "أَبْغَضُ الْحَلَالِ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ الطَّلَاقُ", "english": "The most hateful of permissible things to God is divorce. (Hadith of the Prophet Muḥammad)", "explanation": "A plain declarative statement of fact is used to alert the addressee to an undesirable matter (divorce) so that he avoids it — functioning as a warning rather than mere information.[17]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-WN", "exampleOfName": "Warning", "id": "C39C5", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#C39C5", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-WN" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "السرعةُ الزائدةُ سببٌ رئيسٌ لحوادثِ الطرق", "english": "Excessive speed is a major cause of road accidents.", "explanation": "In place of the direct warning \"Beware of excessive speed\" (iḥdhar al-surʿa al-zāʾida), the declarative states the danger as a general fact, functioning as an implicit warning." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-SR", "exampleOfName": "Stirring Resolve", "unresolvedSourceReferenceKeys": [ "akkawi557" ], "id": "T9MMX", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#T9MMX", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-SR" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "لِلَّذِينَ أَحْسَنُوا الْحُسْنَى وَزِيَادَةٌ", "english": "For those who do good is the best [reward] and extra. (Yūnus 10:26)", "explanation": "The declarative statement of reward functions to incite the addressee towards good deeds. ʿAkkāwī cites it under Stirring Resolve (taḥrīk al-himma), which he defines as urging towards something desirable.[18]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-SR", "exampleOfName": "Stirring Resolve", "id": "DWKJ5", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DWKJ5", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-SR" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "مَن يجتهدْ في عملِه يصلْ إلى غايتِه", "english": "Whoever strives diligently in his work reaches his goal.", "explanation": "Rather than the direct exhortation \"Strive diligently\" (ijtahid), the declarative presents effort and success as a general, dependable rule, inciting the addressee to act." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-PR", "exampleOfName": "Promise", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-abdul-raof105-19" ], "id": "MKMSMA8", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#MKMSMA8", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-PR" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "أَنْتَ رَجُلٌ مُنْصِفٌ", "english": "You are a just man.", "explanation": "Abdul-Raof explicitly gives this reporting statement under the pragmatic function \"to praise someone/something.\" Depending on the addressee's prior knowledge, the proposition may constitute either a reporting value or a reporting added value.[19]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-PR", "exampleOfName": "Promise", "id": "AN2YMR", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#AN2YMR", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-PR" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "أَنْتَ طَالِبٌ مُجْتَهِدٌ", "english": "You are a diligent student.", "explanation": "In a context where the communicator utters the declarative in order to commend the addressee rather than merely inform them of their diligence, the statement functions pragmatically as praise." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-RP", "exampleOfName": "Reproach", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-akkawi558-11" ], "id": "UAR727", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#UAR727", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-RP" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "الصَّلَاةُ رُكْنٌ مِّنْ أَرْكَانِ الْإِسْلَامِ", "english": "Prayer is one of the pillars of Islam.", "explanation": "Said to someone who has abandoned prayer, this declarative statement of a basic fact carries an implicit rebuke for treating a foundational obligation lightly.[20]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-RP", "exampleOfName": "Reproach", "id": "KCQ9N", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#KCQ9N", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-RP" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "الأمانةُ أساسُ العملِ الناجح", "english": "Integrity is the basis of successful work.", "explanation": "Said to a colleague who has behaved dishonestly, the plain declarative statement implicitly rebukes the addressee's conduct without a direct accusation." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-MG", "exampleOfName": "Magnification", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-atiq1v2-51-12" ], "id": "8Q2M2F", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#8Q2M2F", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-MG" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "سُبْحَانَ اللهِ", "english": "Glory be to God.", "explanation": "ʿAtīq, citing Aḥmad ibn Fāris, gives this as an example of Magnification (al-taʿẓīm) among the meanings that declarative wording may convey.[21]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-AS", "exampleOfName": "Astonishment", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-atiq1v2-51-12" ], "id": "7HRFQ1", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#7HRFQ1", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-AS" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "مَا أَحْسَنَ زَيْدًا", "english": "How good Zayd is!", "explanation": "ʿAtīq, citing Aḥmad ibn Fāris, gives this as an example of Astonishment (al-taʿajjub) among the meanings that declarative wording may convey.[22]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-AS", "exampleOfName": "Astonishment", "id": "KJU9V", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#KJU9V", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-AS" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "ما أجملَ هذا المنظرَ", "english": "How beautiful this view is!", "explanation": "Formally a declarative construction, the sentence functions to express astonishment rather than convey new factual information." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-DN", "exampleOfName": "Denial", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-atiq1v2-51-12" ], "id": "438WL1", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#438WL1", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-DN" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "مَا لَهُ عَلَيَّ حَقٌّ", "english": "He has no claim against me.", "explanation": "ʿAtīq, citing Aḥmad ibn Fāris, gives this as an example of Denial (al-inkār) among the meanings that declarative wording may convey.[23]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-DN", "exampleOfName": "Denial", "id": "DLU26U", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DLU26U", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-DN" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "كُنتُ خَارِجَ الْمَدِينَةِ وَقْتَ ارْتِكَابِ الْجَرِيمَةِ", "english": "I was out of town when the crime was committed.", "explanation": "Unlike ʿĀtiq's source example (a negated declarative, \"he has no claim against me\"), this is an affirmative declarative statement that denies involvement not through a negation particle but by asserting a fact incompatible with the accusation — illustrating that Denial (al-inkār) can be conveyed by declarative wording regardless of polarity." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-NG", "exampleOfName": "Negation", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-atiq1v2-51-12" ], "id": "FGE6DW", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#FGE6DW", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-NG" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "لَا بَأْسَ عَلَيْكَ", "english": "There is no harm upon you.", "explanation": "ʿAtīq, citing Aḥmad ibn Fāris, gives this as an example of Negation (al-nafy) among the meanings that declarative wording may convey.[24]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DECPERF-NG", "exampleOfName": "Negation", "id": "4DUW3", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#4DUW3", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DECPERF:_Declarative_Sentences_in_Performative_Roles#DECPERF-NG" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "مَسْؤُولِيَّتُنَا الْيَوْمَ هِيَ وَضْعُ خُطَّةٍ لِمُسْتَقْبَلِ هَذِهِ الشَّرِكَةِ", "english": "Our responsibility today is to make a plan for the future of this company.", "explanation": "Unlike ʿĀtiq's source example (which negates via the explicit particle lā), this declarative negates by implication: asserting that the responsibility lies with the future implicitly negates the validity or desirability of dwelling on analysis of the past, without naming or rejecting anyone's specific claim — distinguishing it from Denial, where the declarative is oriented against a specific accusation." } ], "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "@id": "https://marathe.org/#mandar", "honorificPrefix": "Dr", "name": "Mandar Marathe", "givenName": "Mandar", "familyName": "Marathe", "alternateName": "Dr Mandar Marathe", "url": "https://marathe.org/", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://marathe.org/" }, "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-6927-6836", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "Google Scholar", "value": "w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "url": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ" } ], "sameAs": [ "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836", "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=38961640000", "https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/GRX-5034-2022", "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mandar_Marathe", "https://independent.academia.edu/MandarMaratheUK", "https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Mandar-Marathe/34623281", "https://arxiv.org/a/marathe_m_1.html", "https://dblp.org/pid/413/7182", "https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/mandar-marathe", "https://www.linkedin.com/in/mandar-marathe-uk/", "https://x.com/DrMMarathe", "https://www.youtube.com/@drmandarmarathe", "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q19", "https://balaghabase.org/wiki/Item:Q19" ], "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "The Arabic Research Institute", "url": "https://arabicresearch.org/" } ], "owns": [ { "@id": "https://marathe.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://rhetorical-density.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://project.balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balagha-corpus.com/#website" } ] } ] }