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"definition": "Double Meaning (al-tawriya) is an Arabic rhetorical device where the communicator uses a single word that carries two meanings: one near (qarīb), which is apparent and springs immediately to the mind of the addressee, and one distant (baʿīd), which is the intended meaning and whose indication by the word is hidden. As a result, the addressee supposes the near meaning is intended, while the communicator in fact intends the distant one, by means of a contextual clue (qarīna) that points to it without making it apparent, concealing it from all but the perceptive.[1][2][3][4]\nThe device is also called delusion (īhām),[5] suggestion (takhyīl), directing (tawjīh) and fallacy (mughālata).[3][6][7]",
"linguisticOperation": "From the sources\nThe communicator selects a single word that is genuinely polysemous (lafẓ mushtarak) - carrying two recognised meanings, such that both its near and distant meanings are legitimate.[1][2][3][7]\nThe near meaning presents itself first, but is not intended.[1][3]\nThe distant meaning is the intended one, guided by a contextual clue without explicit declaration.[1][3][4]",
"recognition": "From the sources\nDouble Meaning may be present when:\n\nA single word carries two recognised meanings in Arabic.[1][2][3]\nThe apparent meaning presents itself first to the addressee.[1][3]\nA contextual clue points toward the distant meaning without explicitly stating it.[1][3][4]",
"diagnosticCommunicativeEnhancements": "From the sources\nDouble Meaning stimulates the mind and exercises the intellect in searching for the distant meaning.[1]\nIt produces intellectual exercise (riyāḍa) through interpretive effort.[1]\nIt allows concealment while maintaining formally truthful wording.[1][7]\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.",
"differentFrom": "From the sources\nPARONOM: Complete Paronomasia - two words, identical in form, each used with a different meaning. Whereas Double Meaning is one word with different possible meanings.[1]\nDELIBAM: Deliberate Ambiguity - operates at the sentence level, with different meanings, which remain unresolved by design. Whereas Double Meaning is a single word where one meaning is intended and the other is a decoy.[8]",
"notes": "The Arabic root of tawriya means concealment, which motivates the technical sense.[1][3]\nThe alternative name īhām reflects the misleading effect on the addressee.[1][3][6]\nLater rhetoricians expanded its use extensively in poetry and prose.[8][3]",
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"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q62"
}
},
{
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"DefinedTerm",
"skos:Concept"
],
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q408",
"skos:inScheme": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/scheme/arabic-rhetorical-devices"
},
"skos:notation": "DOUBLM-PP",
"skos:prefLabel": {
"@value": "Prepared Double Meaning",
"@language": "en"
},
"name": "Prepared Double Meaning",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DOUBLM:_Double_Meaning#DOUBLM-PP",
"balagha:localId": "DOUBLM-PP",
"balagha:kind": "subtype",
"balagha:parentId": "DOUBLM",
"balagha:arabicName": "التَّوْرِيَة المُهَيَّأَة",
"balagha:transliteration": "al-tawriya al-muhayyaʾa",
"balagha:definition": "A double meaning in which a neighbouring word prepares the ambiguity and makes the double meaning possible.",
"balagha:examples": [
"CF4446G",
"76HDDSM"
],
"skos:broader": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q62"
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],
"balagha:examples": [
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "DOUBLM-BP",
"exampleOfName": "Bare Double Meaning",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-ghani-1",
"cite_note-jawaher-2"
],
"id": "EHJ4VFC",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DOUBLM:_Double_Meaning#EHJ4VFC",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q405"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "وَهُوَ الَّذِي يَتَوَفَّاكُم بِاللَّيْلِ وَيَعْلَمُ مَا جَرَحْتُم بِالنَّهَارِ Qurʾān 6:60",
"english": "\"And He it is who takes your souls by night, and He knows what you have done by day.\"",
"explanation": "The word jaraḥtum has a near meaning of wounding and a distant intended meaning of committing sins.[1][2]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "DOUBLM-BP",
"exampleOfName": "Bare Double Meaning",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-nasif-4"
],
"id": "XZZEWH9",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DOUBLM:_Double_Meaning#XZZEWH9",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q405"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "يا سيدا حاز لطفاً لست أبرح من يزيد",
"english": "\"O master of grace, I do not depart from Yazīd.\"",
"explanation": "The word yazīd may first be taken as the proper name Yazīd (near), while the intended meaning is \"increase\" (distant), with no associated clue for either meaning.[4]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "DOUBLM-BP",
"exampleOfName": "Bare Double Meaning",
"id": "ZKL83M8",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DOUBLM:_Double_Meaning#ZKL83M8",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q405"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "يا مَن يَعيشُ بَيْنَنا وَقَلْبُهُ بَعيدٌ — هَل تَعلَمُ كَم نَحْنُ في شَوْقٍ إِلَيكَ؟",
"english": "\"O you who lives among us yet whose heart is distant — do you know how much we long for you?\"",
"explanation": "The word baʿīd has a near meaning of physical distance (far away), and a distant intended meaning of emotional or spiritual remoteness. No associate of either meaning appears alongside it — nothing in the surrounding words primes the addressee toward one reading or the other — making this a bare Double Meaning."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "DOUBLM-RP",
"exampleOfName": "Reinforced Double Meaning",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-jawaher-2",
"cite_note-atiq-3"
],
"id": "DXK89UH",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DOUBLM:_Double_Meaning#DXK89UH",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q406"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "وَالسَّمَاءَ بَنَيْنَاهَا بِأَيْدٍ Qurʾān 51:47",
"english": "\"And the heaven, We built it with power.\"",
"explanation": "The word aydin carries a near meaning of hands, reinforced by the act of building, while the intended meaning is power.[2][3]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "DOUBLM-RP",
"exampleOfName": "Reinforced Double Meaning",
"id": "6WK7F63",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DOUBLM:_Double_Meaning#6WK7F63",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q406"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "بنيتُ مجدي بيدي",
"english": "\"I built my glory with my hand.\"",
"explanation": "The word yad first suggests the physical hand (near), reinforced by the act of building, while the intended meaning is power or capability (distant)."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "DOUBLM-EP",
"exampleOfName": "Elucidated Double Meaning",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-akkawi-8",
"cite_note-jawaher-2"
],
"id": "E7SQ6QL",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DOUBLM:_Double_Meaning#E7SQ6QL",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q407"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "فَأَظْهَرْتَ ذَاكَ الفَرْضَ مِن ذَلِكَ النَّدْبِ",
"english": "\"And you revealed that obligation from that recommendation.\"",
"explanation": "The words farḍ and nadb each carry a near meaning on the surface — the two legal categories of obligatory and recommended acts — but their intended distant meanings are \"gift\" (farḍ) and \"a man swift in fulfilling needs\" (nadb). These distant meanings are elucidated by the prior mention of sunna, which belongs to the domain of those distant meanings. Without sunna preceding them, the double meaning would not take shape.[8][2]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "DOUBLM-EP",
"exampleOfName": "Elucidated Double Meaning",
"id": "N3TKBML",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DOUBLM:_Double_Meaning#N3TKBML",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q407"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "لمَّا سَمِعْتُ صَوْتَهُ الشَّجِيَّ تَذَكَّرْتُ الحَمَامَ",
"english": "\"When I heard his mournful voice, I remembered the hamām.\"",
"explanation": "The word ḥamām has a near meaning of \"bathhouse\" and a distant intended meaning of \"dove.\" The prior mention of a mournful voice (ṣawt al-shajī) is an associate of the dove — doves are conventionally associated with mournful cooing — and thus belongs to the domain of the distant meaning, elucidating it. No associate of the near meaning (bathhouse) appears."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "DOUBLM-PP",
"exampleOfName": "Prepared Double Meaning",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-jawaher-2"
],
"id": "CF4446G",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DOUBLM:_Double_Meaning#CF4446G",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q408"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "إِنَّهُ كَانَ يُحَرِّكُ الشِّمَالَ بِاليَمِينِ",
"english": "\"He used to stir the left with the right.\"",
"explanation": "The word shamāl is prepared by yamīn, making the near meaning available while concealing the distant one.[2]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "DOUBLM-PP",
"exampleOfName": "Prepared Double Meaning",
"id": "76HDDSM",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DOUBLM:_Double_Meaning#76HDDSM",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q408"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "بلدي شامٌ وقلبي يَمَانِي",
"english": "\"My homeland is Syria, and my heart is yamānī.\"",
"explanation": "The word yamānī has a near meaning of \"from Yemen\" (prepared by the preceding word shām, Syria, which primes the addressee to read it as a geographical contrast), while the distant intended meaning is \"of the sword,\" since yamānī is one of the names of the sword in Arabic. Without shām preceding it, the addressee would not be led to the near geographical meaning, and the tawriya would not take shape."
}
],
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"@type": "Person",
"@id": "https://marathe.org/#mandar",
"honorificPrefix": "Dr",
"name": "Mandar Marathe",
"givenName": "Mandar",
"familyName": "Marathe",
"alternateName": "Dr Mandar Marathe",
"url": "https://marathe.org/",
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"@type": "WebPage",
"@id": "https://marathe.org/"
},
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"value": "0000-0002-6927-6836",
"url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836"
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{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "Google Scholar",
"value": "w-bT-iYAAAAJ",
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"affiliation": [
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"@type": "Organization",
"name": "The Arabic Research Institute",
"url": "https://arabicresearch.org/"
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