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This distinction is explicitly noted by ʿAkkāwī (1996), Abdul-Raof (2006), and ʿAtīq (2002).[3][1][6]", "recognition": "From the sources\nAffirmed Dispraise may be present when:\n\nA subject is explicitly criticised, or a praiseworthy quality is negated from the subject.[2][3]\nAn explicit exception construction (such as illā, ghayra, or sawā) is present.[2][4]\nThe excepted element does not mitigate the criticism or redeem the subject, but instead introduces a further blameworthy quality.[2][3][4]", "diagnosticCommunicativeEnhancements": "From the sources\nʿAbd al-Ghani (2011) lists the following rhetorical effects for this device and its converse:[7]\n\nAlerting the addressee (tanbīh al-mukhāṭab).[7]\nAwakening the intellect (īqāẓ al-dhihn).[7]\nEngaging the mind (iʿmāl al-ʿaql).[7]\nConveying meaning in an attractive way (irsāl al-maʿnā bi-ṭarīqa jadhdhāba).[7]\nIntroducing pleasure into the soul (tudkhil al-surūr fī al-nafs).[7]\nDispelling tedium (tadfaʿ al-malal).[7]\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.", "differentFrom": "From the sources\nAffirmed Praise (tawkīd al-madḥ bi-mā yushbihu al-dhamm): the structural converse of this device, in which a praise construction leads the listener to expect dispraise, but the excepted element is a further praiseworthy quality. ʿAkkāwī (1996) and ʿAbbās (2007) treat both devices together as a pair.[3][4]", "notes": "The exception particles ghayra and sawā function in the same structural role as illā in this device; this is confirmed by the examples in the sources.[2][4]", "references": [ { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DSPRAIS:_Affirmed_Dispraise#cite_note-abdul-raof-1", "citationNumber": 1, "citationKey": "abdul-raof", "text": "Hussein Abdul-Raof, Arabic Rhetoric: A Pragmatic Analysis (Oxford: Routledge, 2006), 245, ISBN 9780415386098. DOI: 10.4324/9780203965399", "html": "Hussein Abdul-Raof, Arabic Rhetoric: A Pragmatic Analysis (Oxford: Routledge, 2006), 245, ISBN 9780415386098. DOI: 10.4324/9780203965399", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [ "9780415386098" ], "doi": [ "10.4324/9780203965399" ], "url": [ "https://ia600703.us.archive.org/5/items/aje_ra/ar.pdf#page=245", "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415386098", "https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203965399" ] }, "links": [ { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "Arabic Rhetoric: A Pragmatic Analysis", "url": "https://ia600703.us.archive.org/5/items/aje_ra/ar.pdf#page=245", "rel": "nofollow", "kind": "external" }, { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "ISBN 9780415386098", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415386098", "kind": "internal" }, { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "10.4324/9780203965399", "url": "https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203965399", "rel": "nofollow", "kind": "external" } ] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DSPRAIS:_Affirmed_Dispraise#cite_note-jawaher-2", "citationNumber": 2, "citationKey": "jawaher", "text": "Aḥmad al-Hāshimī, Jawāhir al-Balāgha fī al-Maʿānī wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ (Windsor: Hindāwī Foundation, 2019), 378, ISBN 9781527316386.", "html": "Aḥmad al-Hāshimī, Jawāhir al-Balāgha fī al-Maʿānī wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ (Windsor: Hindāwī Foundation, 2019), 378, ISBN 9781527316386.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [ "9781527316386" ], "doi": [], "url": [ "https://www.hindawi.org/books/85925824/3.1/", "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527316386" ] }, "links": [ { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "Jawāhir al-Balāgha fī al-Maʿānī wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ", "url": "https://www.hindawi.org/books/85925824/3.1/", "rel": "nofollow", "kind": "external" }, { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "ISBN 9781527316386", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527316386", "kind": "internal" } ] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DSPRAIS:_Affirmed_Dispraise#cite_note-akkawi-3", "citationNumber": 3, "citationKey": "akkawi", "text": "Inʿām Fawwāl ʿAkkāwī, Al-Muʿjam al-Mufaṣṣal fī ʿUlūm al-Balāgha: Al-Badīʿ wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Maʿānī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1996), 275–276.", "html": "Inʿām Fawwāl ʿAkkāwī, Al-Muʿjam al-Mufaṣṣal fī ʿUlūm al-Balāgha: Al-Badīʿ wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Maʿānī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1996), 275–276.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [], "doi": [], "url": [] }, "links": [] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DSPRAIS:_Affirmed_Dispraise#cite_note-funun2-4", "citationNumber": 4, "citationKey": "funun2", "text": "Faḍl Ḥasan ʿAbbās, Al-Balāgha: Funūnuhā wa-Afnānuhā - ʿIlm al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ (Amman: Dār al-Furqān lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʿ, 2007), 290–291.", "html": "Faḍl Ḥasan ʿAbbās, Al-Balāgha: Funūnuhā wa-Afnānuhā - ʿIlm al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ (Amman: Dār al-Furqān lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʿ, 2007), 290–291.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [], "doi": [], "url": [] }, "links": [] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DSPRAIS:_Affirmed_Dispraise#cite_note-nasif-5", "citationNumber": 5, "citationKey": "nasif", "text": "Ḥafnī Nāṣif, Muḥammad Diyāb, Sultan Muḥammad and Muṣṭafā Ṭammām, Durūs al-Balāgha (Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2012), 114, ISBN 9786144162798.", "html": "Ḥafnī Nāṣif, Muḥammad Diyāb, Sultan Muḥammad and Muṣṭafā Ṭammām, Durūs al-Balāgha (Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2012), 114, ISBN 9786144162798.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [ "9786144162798" ], "doi": [], "url": [ "https://archive.org/details/3136pdf_202001/page/n114/mode/2up", "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786144162798" ] }, "links": [ { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "Durūs al-Balāgha", "url": "https://archive.org/details/3136pdf_202001/page/n114/mode/2up", "rel": "nofollow", "kind": "external" }, { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "ISBN 9786144162798", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786144162798", "kind": "internal" } ] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DSPRAIS:_Affirmed_Dispraise#cite_note-atiq2-6", "citationNumber": 6, "citationKey": "atiq2", "text": "ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Atīq, ʿIlm al-Badīʿ (Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍa al-ʿArabiyya lil-Ṭibāʿa wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʿ, 2002), 170.", "html": "ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Atīq, ʿIlm al-Badīʿ (Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍa al-ʿArabiyya lil-Ṭibāʿa wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʿ, 2002), 170.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [], "doi": [], "url": [] }, "links": [] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DSPRAIS:_Affirmed_Dispraise#cite_note-ghani-7", "citationNumber": 7, "citationKey": "ghani", "text": "Ayman Amin Abd Al-Ghani, Al-Kāfī fī al-Balāgha: Al-Bayān, wa al-Badiʿ wa al-Maʿānī (Cairo: Dār al-Tawfīqiyya lil-Turāth, 2011), 265-270.", "html": "Ayman Amin Abd Al-Ghani, Al-Kāfī fī al-Balāgha: Al-Bayān, wa al-Badiʿ wa al-Maʿānī (Cairo: Dār al-Tawfīqiyya lil-Turāth, 2011), 265-270.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [], "doi": [], "url": [] }, "links": [] } ], "pageHistory": [ { "@type": "balagha:PageHistoryEntry", "position": 1, "date": "2026-02-11", "description": "Migration to Semantic Device Identifiers: Renamed from CH-5: Affirmed Dispraise to DSPRAIS: Affirmed Dispraise.", "text": "2026-02-11 - 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The listener, hearing ghayra annī arāhu (\"except that I see him\"), expects some redeeming trait. Instead, the exception reveals an incomparable degree of foolishness, compounding the dispraise.[2]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DSPRAIS", "exampleOfName": "Affirmed Dispraise", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-jawaher-2" ], "id": "GWNZH", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DSPRAIS:_Affirmed_Dispraise#GWNZH", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q114" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "لا فَضْلَ لِلْقَوْمِ إِلَّا أَنَّهُمْ لا يَعْرِفُونَ لِلْجَارِ حَقَّه.", "english": "\"There is no merit in this people, except that they do not recognise the right of their neighbour.\"", "explanation": "The good quality (merit) is negated. The exception appears to offer a qualification, but instead confirms a social failing — the violation of a neighbour's rights.[2]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DSPRAIS", "exampleOfName": "Affirmed Dispraise", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-jawaher-2" ], "id": "QHXP5", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DSPRAIS:_Affirmed_Dispraise#QHXP5", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q114" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "فُلَانٌ لَيْسَ أَهْلًا لِلْمَعْرُوفِ، إِلَّا أَنَّهُ يُسِيءُ إِلَى مَنْ يُحْسِنُ إِلَيْه.", "english": "\"So-and-so is not worthy of kindness, except that he mistreats those who do good to him.\"", "explanation": "Worthiness of kindness is negated. The exception ostensibly qualifies this negation, but introduces the active mistreatment of benefactors as the only trait that fills the exception slot.[2]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DSPRAIS", "exampleOfName": "Affirmed Dispraise", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-nasif-5" ], "id": "JTAQ5", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DSPRAIS:_Affirmed_Dispraise#JTAQ5", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q114" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "فُلَانٌ لَا خَيْرَ فِيهِ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ يَتَصَدَّقُ بِمَا يَسْرِق.", "english": "\"So-and-so has no good in him, except that he gives in charity what he steals.\"", "explanation": "The praiseworthy quality (goodness) is negated. The exception particle raises the expectation of a redeeming trait, but the excepted element — giving in charity from stolen goods — is itself blameworthy, compounding the dispraise.[5]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DSPRAIS", "exampleOfName": "Affirmed Dispraise", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-atiq2-6" ], "id": "8DF9Y", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DSPRAIS:_Affirmed_Dispraise#8DF9Y", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q114" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "فُلَانٌ لَا خَيْرَ فِيهِ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ يُسِيءُ إِلَى مَنْ أَحْسَنَ إِلَيْه.", "english": "\"So-and-so has no good in him, except that he mistreats those who do good to him.\"", "explanation": "The praiseworthy quality (goodness) is negated. The exception particle raises the expectation of a redeeming trait, but the excepted element — mistreating one's benefactors — is itself blameworthy, compounding the dispraise.[6]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DSPRAIS", "exampleOfName": "Affirmed Dispraise", "id": "N566N", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DSPRAIS:_Affirmed_Dispraise#N566N", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q114" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "لا خَيْرَ في هَذَا الْمَسْؤُولِ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ يُتْقِنُ إِهْدَارَ الْمَالِ الْعَامِّ دُونَ أَنْ يَشْعُرَ بِالْحَرَج.", "english": "\"There is nothing good in this official, except that he is an expert at squandering public funds without the least embarrassment.\"", "explanation": "Good quality is negated. The exception particle creates an expectation of praise, but the excepted element — expertise in squandering public funds — is entirely blameworthy, intensifying the condemnation." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DSPRAIS", "exampleOfName": "Affirmed Dispraise", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-jawaher-2", "cite_note-nasif-5" ], "id": "J52WV", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DSPRAIS:_Affirmed_Dispraise#J52WV", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q114" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "هُوَ الْكَلْبُ إِلَّا أَنَّ فِيهِ مَلَالَةً وَسُوءَ مِرَاعَاةٍ وَمَا ذَاكَ فِي الْكَلْب", "english": "\"He is a dog, except that he has wearisomeness and poor loyalty — traits not even found in a dog.\"", "explanation": "The speaker states a dispraise outright (likening the subject to a dog). The listener, hearing illā anna fīhi (\"except that he has\"), expects a qualification or softening. Instead, the exception adds further faults — wearisomeness and poor loyalty — that even a dog does not possess, compounding the dispraise.[2][5]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DSPRAIS", "exampleOfName": "Affirmed Dispraise", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-jawaher-2" ], "id": "7QQLA", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DSPRAIS:_Affirmed_Dispraise#7QQLA", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q114" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "فُلَانٌ حَسُودٌ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ نَمَّام.", "english": "\"So-and-so is envious, except that he is also a slanderer.\"", "explanation": "Envy is stated as a direct fault. The exception particle suggests mitigation, but the excepted quality — slander — is itself a vice, intensifying rather than relieving the criticism.[2]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DSPRAIS", "exampleOfName": "Affirmed Dispraise", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-jawaher-2" ], "id": "DHJ4T", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DSPRAIS:_Affirmed_Dispraise#DHJ4T", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q114" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "الجَاهِلُ عَدُوُّ نَفْسِهِ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ صَدِيقُ السُّفَهَاء.", "english": "\"The ignorant man is his own enemy, except that he is a friend of fools.\"", "explanation": "Encyclopedia Interpretation Although al-Hāshimī (2019) cites this example under the first structural form, the opening clause already attributes a blameworthy quality (\"enemy of himself\") rather than negating a praiseworthy one. In this encyclopedia, it is therefore classified under the second structural form, where the exception adds a further blameworthy quality and reinforces the dispraise.[2]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DSPRAIS", "exampleOfName": "Affirmed Dispraise", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-jawaher-2" ], "id": "LABUC", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DSPRAIS:_Affirmed_Dispraise#LABUC", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q114" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "لَئِيمُ الطِّبَاعِ سِوَى أَنَّهُ جَبَانٌ يَهْوِي عَلَيْهِ الْهَوَان", "english": "\"Base in character, except that he is cowardly — humiliation descends upon him.\"", "explanation": "Baseness of character is affirmed. The exception particle sawā raises the expectation of a mitigating quality, but cowardice — itself a vice — fills the exception slot, compounding the dispraise.[2]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "DSPRAIS", "exampleOfName": "Affirmed Dispraise", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-atiq2-6" ], "id": "D6XA2", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DSPRAIS:_Affirmed_Dispraise#D6XA2", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q114" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "فُلَانٌ فَاسِقٌ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ جَاهِل.", "english": "\"So-and-so is a reprobate, except that he is also ignorant.\"", "explanation": "Moral corruption is affirmed as a direct fault. The exception particle raises the expectation of a mitigating quality, but ignorance — itself a vice — fills the exception slot, compounding the dispraise.[6]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "DSPRAIS", "exampleOfName": "Affirmed Dispraise", "id": "LZ9E4", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/DSPRAIS:_Affirmed_Dispraise#LZ9E4", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q114" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "هَذَا الْمُحَاضِرُ مُمِلٌّ فِي أُسْلُوبِهِ، إِلَّا أَنَّهُ يَزِيدُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ بِأَنَّهُ يَسْرِقُ أَفْكَارَ طُلَّابِهِ دُونَ أَنْ يُشِيرَ إِلَيْهِم.", "english": "\"This lecturer is tedious in his style, except that he goes further still by stealing his students' ideas without crediting them.\"", "explanation": "Tedium is affirmed as a direct fault. The exception construction leads the listener to expect a counterbalancing quality, but instead introduces the additional failing of intellectual dishonesty, compounding the condemnation." } ], "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "@id": "https://marathe.org/#mandar", "honorificPrefix": "Dr", "name": "Mandar Marathe", "givenName": "Mandar", "familyName": "Marathe", "alternateName": "Dr Mandar Marathe", "url": "https://marathe.org/", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://marathe.org/" }, "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-6927-6836", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "Google Scholar", "value": "w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "url": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ" } ], "sameAs": [ "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836", "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=38961640000", "https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/GRX-5034-2022", "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mandar_Marathe", "https://independent.academia.edu/MandarMaratheUK", "https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Mandar-Marathe/34623281", "https://arxiv.org/a/marathe_m_1.html", "https://dblp.org/pid/413/7182", "https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/mandar-marathe", "https://www.linkedin.com/in/mandar-marathe-uk/", "https://x.com/DrMMarathe", "https://www.youtube.com/@drmandarmarathe", "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q19", "https://balaghabase.org/wiki/Item:Q19" ], "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "The Arabic Research Institute", "url": "https://arabicresearch.org/" } ], "owns": [ { "@id": "https://marathe.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://rhetorical-density.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://project.balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balagha-corpus.com/#website" } ] } ] }