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He also records al-tajzīʾ as another name for al-tajziʾa.[2]\nAl-Nābulsī records the same underlying operation under the name tasjīʿ al-bayt, defining it as the division of a poetic line into metrically identical parts whose endings are rhymed according to the rhyme of the poem.[3]", "linguisticOperation": "From the sources\nThe bayt is internally divided into multiple parts. Abd al-Ghani specifies that these parts are equal (ajzāʾ mutasāwiya), ʿAkkāwī describes them as prosodic parts (ajzāʾ ʿarūḍiyya), and al-Nābulsī describes them as metrically identical parts.[1][2][3]\nThe internal parts are rhymed. Abd al-Ghani describes them as musajjaʿa, ʿAkkāwī likewise describes the parts as receiving internal sajʿ, and al-Nābulsī requires the divisions of the line to be rhymed according to the poem's rhyme.[1][2][3]\nDivision into three or four parts is explicitly attested by Abd al-Ghani and ʿAkkāwī.[1][2]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nIn this encyclopedia, the mechanism is described as the internal segmentation of a single poetic line into multiple rhythmic units.\nThe recurrence of rhymed endings across these segments creates a patterned internal division within the bayt.", "recognition": "From the sources\nḥusn al-taqsīm may be present when:\n\nA single bayt is divided into metrically equal or corresponding parts.[1][2][3]\nThe division may result in three or four parts.[1][2]\nThe internal parts have corresponding rhymed endings.[1][2][3]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nThe following diagnostic tests aid identification:\n\nTest 1: Check whether the bayt can be segmented into equal parts of similar length.\nTest 2: Check whether the segments display recurring rhymed endings.", "diagnosticCommunicativeEnhancements": "From the sources\nExcellence of Division gives the verse a musical resonance (jarsan mūsīqiyyan) that appeals to the ear and understanding (yaʾkhudhu bil-asmāʿ wal-afhām).[1]\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.", "examples": "Source Example🔗 (three-part division)\nمُتَفَرِّدٌ بِصَبَابَتِي / مُتَفَرِّدٌ بِكَآبَاتِي / مُتَفَرِّدٌ بِعَنَائِيAlone in my longing / alone in my sorrows / alone in my suffering\nExplanation\nThe verse is divided into three equal parts, each forming a separate segment within the same line. Each segment ends with a similar rhyme pattern, illustrating the division described in Abd al-Ghani (2011).[1]Source Example🔗 (four-part division)\nفَنَحْنُ فِي جَذَلٍ / وَالرُّومُ فِي وَجَلٍ / وَالْبَرُّ فِي شُغُلٍ / وَالْبَحْرُ فِي خَجَلٍWe are in joy / the Byzantines in dread / the land in toil / the sea in shame\nExplanation\nAttributed to Abū al-Ṭayyib al-Mutanabbī. The verse is divided into four internal parts, each ending in a corresponding rhyme. Abd al-Ghani cites it as an example of ḥusn al-taqsīm, while ʿAkkāwī cites the same verse in his discussion of al-tajziʾa.[1][2]Source Example🔗 (four-part division)\nوِصَالُكُمْ هَجْرُ / وَحَبُّكُمْ قِلَى / وَعُطْفُكُمْ صَدٌّ / وَسِلْمُكُمْ حَرْبُYour union is separation / your love is hatred / your tenderness is rejection / your peace is war\nExplanation\nAttributed to al-ʿAbbās ibn al-Aḥnaf and cited via Abū al-Qāsim al-Āmidī. The verse is divided into four equal parts, each forming a discrete segment within the same line, exemplifying the four-part division described by Abd al-Ghani (2011).[1]Constructed Example🔗 (four-part division)\nالْعِلْمُ نُورٌ / وَالْجَهْلُ ظُلْمَةٌ / وَالصِّدْقُ قُوَّةٌ / وَالْكَذِبُ ذِلَّةٌKnowledge is light / ignorance is darkness / truth is strength / falsehood is humiliation\nExplanation\nThe bayt is divided into four equal parts, each consisting of a nominal sentence (jumla ismiyya). The segments end in rhymed feminine terminations (نُورٌ / ظُلْمَةٌ / قُوَّةٌ / ذِلَّةٌ — the latter three sharing the ـَةٌ ending), illustrating the musajjaʿ internal division characteristic of ḥusn al-taqsīm.English Constructed Example🔗\nThe bells all ring / the children sing / the swallows wing / and welcome spring\nExplanation\nThe line is divided into four corresponding rhythmic segments, each ending in the rhyme -ing (ring / sing / wing / spring). The repeated internal rhyme marks the divisions of the line and gives them a patterned rhythmic unity, illustrating the operation of Excellence of Division.", "notes": "Abd al-Ghani (2011) explicitly restricts this device to poetry only (khāṣṣ bil-shiʿr faqaṭ).[1]\nThe term musajjaʿa is used in the source to describe the rhymed segments; it has been retained in transliteration to preserve its technical meaning.\nThe same underlying poetic operation is attested under differing nomenclature. Abd al-Ghani calls it ḥusn al-taqsīm, ʿAkkāwī discusses it as al-tajziʾa and records al-tajzīʾ as another name, while al-Nābulsī describes the corresponding operation as tasjīʿ al-bayt (تسجيع البيت), the internal rhyming of a poetic line divided into metrically identical parts.[1][2][3]", "references": [ { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/EXCELDV:_Excellence_of_Division#cite_note-ghani-1", "citationNumber": 1, "citationKey": "ghani", "text": "Ayman Amin Abd Al-Ghani, Al-Kāfī fī al-Balāgha: Al-Bayān, wa al-Badiʿ wa al-Maʿānī (Cairo: Dār al-Tawfīqiyya lil-Turāth, 2011), 249-251.", "html": "Ayman Amin Abd Al-Ghani, Al-Kāfī fī al-Balāgha: Al-Bayān, wa al-Badiʿ wa al-Maʿānī (Cairo: Dār al-Tawfīqiyya lil-Turāth, 2011), 249-251.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [], "doi": [], "url": [] }, "links": [] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/EXCELDV:_Excellence_of_Division#cite_note-akkawi-2", "citationNumber": 2, "citationKey": "akkawi", "text": "Inʿām Fawwāl ʿAkkāwī, Al-Muʿjam al-Mufaṣṣal fī ʿUlūm al-Balāgha: Al-Badīʿ wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Maʿānī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1996), 292-293.", "html": "Inʿām Fawwāl ʿAkkāwī, Al-Muʿjam al-Mufaṣṣal fī ʿUlūm al-Balāgha: Al-Badīʿ wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Maʿānī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1996), 292-293.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [], "doi": [], "url": [] }, "links": [] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/EXCELDV:_Excellence_of_Division#cite_note-cachia-3", "citationNumber": 3, "citationKey": "cachia", "text": "Pierre Cachia, The Arch Rhetorician: Or The Schemer’s Skimmer: A Handbook of Late Arabic Badīʻ Drawn from ʻAbd al-Ghanī an-Nābulsī’s Nafaḥāt al-Azhār ʻala Nasamāt al-Asḥār, Studies in Arabic Language and Literature 3 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998), p. 15; §10, ISBN 9783447040327.", "html": "Pierre Cachia, The Arch Rhetorician: Or The Schemer’s Skimmer: A Handbook of Late Arabic Badīʻ Drawn from ʻAbd al-Ghanī an-Nābulsī’s Nafaḥāt al-Azhār ʻala Nasamāt al-Asḥār, Studies in Arabic Language and Literature 3 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998), p. 15; §10, ISBN 9783447040327.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [ "9783447040327" ], "doi": [], "url": [ "https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/55982312", "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447040327" ] }, "links": [ { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "The Arch Rhetorician: Or The Schemer’s Skimmer: A Handbook of Late Arabic Badīʻ Drawn from ʻAbd al-Ghanī an-Nābulsī’s Nafaḥāt al-Azhār ʻala Nasamāt al-Asḥār", "url": "https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/55982312", "rel": "nofollow", "kind": "external" }, { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "ISBN 9783447040327", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447040327", "kind": "internal" } ] } ], "pageHistory": [ { "@type": "balagha:PageHistoryEntry", "position": 1, "date": "2026-02-11", "description": "Migration to Semantic Device Identifiers: Renamed from CJ-3: Excellence of Division to EXCELDV: Excellence of Division.", "text": "2026-02-11 - 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Each segment ends with a similar rhyme pattern, illustrating the division described in Abd al-Ghani (2011).[1]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "EXCELDV", "exampleOfName": "Excellence of Division", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-akkawi-2" ], "id": "BUCU3", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/EXCELDV:_Excellence_of_Division#BUCU3", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q130" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "فَنَحْنُ فِي جَذَلٍ / وَالرُّومُ فِي وَجَلٍ / وَالْبَرُّ فِي شُغُلٍ / وَالْبَحْرُ فِي خَجَلٍ", "english": "We are in joy / the Byzantines in dread / the land in toil / the sea in shame", "explanation": "Attributed to Abū al-Ṭayyib al-Mutanabbī. The verse is divided into four internal parts, each ending in a corresponding rhyme. Abd al-Ghani cites it as an example of ḥusn al-taqsīm, while ʿAkkāwī cites the same verse in his discussion of al-tajziʾa.[1][2]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "EXCELDV", "exampleOfName": "Excellence of Division", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-ghani-1" ], "id": "TVW6W", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/EXCELDV:_Excellence_of_Division#TVW6W", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q130" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "وِصَالُكُمْ هَجْرُ / وَحَبُّكُمْ قِلَى / وَعُطْفُكُمْ صَدٌّ / وَسِلْمُكُمْ حَرْبُ", "english": "Your union is separation / your love is hatred / your tenderness is rejection / your peace is war", "explanation": "Attributed to al-ʿAbbās ibn al-Aḥnaf and cited via Abū al-Qāsim al-Āmidī. The verse is divided into four equal parts, each forming a discrete segment within the same line, exemplifying the four-part division described by Abd al-Ghani (2011).[1]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "EXCELDV", "exampleOfName": "Excellence of Division", "id": "PZS8G", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/EXCELDV:_Excellence_of_Division#PZS8G", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q130" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "الْعِلْمُ نُورٌ / وَالْجَهْلُ ظُلْمَةٌ / وَالصِّدْقُ قُوَّةٌ / وَالْكَذِبُ ذِلَّةٌ", "english": "Knowledge is light / ignorance is darkness / truth is strength / falsehood is humiliation", "explanation": "The bayt is divided into four equal parts, each consisting of a nominal sentence (jumla ismiyya). The segments end in rhymed feminine terminations (نُورٌ / ظُلْمَةٌ / قُوَّةٌ / ذِلَّةٌ — the latter three sharing the ـَةٌ ending), illustrating the musajjaʿ internal division characteristic of ḥusn al-taqsīm." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "EXCELDV", "exampleOfName": "Excellence of Division", "id": "D5CHM", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/EXCELDV:_Excellence_of_Division#D5CHM", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q130" }, "inLanguage": "en", "english": "The bells all ring / the children sing / the swallows wing / and welcome spring", "explanation": "The line is divided into four corresponding rhythmic segments, each ending in the rhyme -ing (ring / sing / wing / spring). 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