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piece of information to its appropriate referent.[1][2][3][4] This second part — the corresponding information — is the \"Unfolding\" (al-nashr).[1][3]\nThe unfolding can be:\nIn a parallel sequence (al-nashr al-murattab), where the unfolding follows the same order as the folding up;[2][3]\nIn a reversed sequence (al-nashr ʿalā ghayri tartīb al-laff), where the unfolding does not follow the order of the folding up;[2][3]\nIn a confused sequence (al-nashr al-mushawwash), where the correspondence between items and their descriptions cannot be determined.[3]", "linguisticOperation": "From the sources\nThe communicator first presents multiple items together — the folding up.[1][3]\nThe communicator then presents corresponding descriptions — the unfolding — without explicit assignment.[1][3][2]\nThe addressee is expected to discern and attribute each piece of information to its appropriate referent.[1][2][3]\nThe folding up may be by detailed listing (tafṣīl) or summary (ijmāl).[1][3]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nIn this encyclopedia, the mechanism may be understood as operating in two stages:\n\nStage 1 — The Folding Up.\nStage 2 — The Unfolding.", "recognition": "Encyclopedia Interpretation\nFolding and Unfolding may be present when:\n\nMultiple entities are introduced together.\nA corresponding set of predicates follows.\nThe addressee must reconstruct the pairings.", "diagnosticCommunicativeEnhancements": "From the sources\nThe beauty of the device consists in combining ease of expression with inventive meanings.[3]\nThe communicator avoids repetitive attribution by leaving the correlation to the addressee.[1][2]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nAtīq (2002) notes that excessive accumulation of pairings can weaken stylistic elegance and turn the device into affectation.[3]\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.", "seeAlso": "Disambiguation page for Grouping & Distinguishing devices", "notes": "The device is also referred to as al-ṭayy wa-al-nashr in Hāshimī.[2]\nʿAkkāwī derives the terminology from laffa al-thawb and nashr al-thiyāb, referring to folding up and spreading out garments.[4]\nHeinrichs (1998) renders it literally as “folding up and unfolding.”[6]\nAbdul-Raof (2006) uses the term “Epanodos” for a structurally comparable phenomenon.[7]\nA condition reported by Germanos Farḥāt, as cited in ʿAkkāwī (1996), holds that the words of the folding up should not be antonyms (mutaḍādda).[4]", "references": [ { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#cite_note-nasif-1", "citationNumber": 1, "citationKey": "nasif", "text": "Ḥafnī Nāṣif, Muḥammad Diyāb, Sultan Muḥammad and Muṣṭafā Ṭammām, Durūs al-Balāgha (Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2012), 111-112, ISBN 9786144162798.", "html": "Ḥafnī Nāṣif, Muḥammad Diyāb, Sultan Muḥammad and Muṣṭafā Ṭammām, Durūs al-Balāgha (Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2012), 111-112, ISBN 9786144162798.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [ "9786144162798" ], "doi": [], "url": [ "https://archive.org/details/3136pdf_202001/page/n111/mode/2up", "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786144162798" ] }, "links": [ { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "Durūs al-Balāgha", "url": "https://archive.org/details/3136pdf_202001/page/n111/mode/2up", "rel": "nofollow", "kind": "external" }, { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "ISBN 9786144162798", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786144162798", "kind": "internal" } ] }, { 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DOI: 10.4324/9780203965399", "html": "Hussein Abdul-Raof, Arabic Rhetoric: A Pragmatic Analysis (Oxford: Routledge, 2006), 248-250, ISBN 9780415386098. 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& Distinguishing", "ARDT v0.1.1" ] }, "balagha:device": { "@type": "DefinedTerm", "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q88", "name": "Folding and Unfolding", "alternateName": [ "الطي والنشر / اللف والنشر", "al-ṭayy wa-l-nashr / al-laff wa-l-nashr" ], "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ARDT Device Code", "value": "FOLDING" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "BalaghaBase", "value": "Q88", "url": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q88" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "BALAGHA Score", "value": "CB-5" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "OpenAlex", "value": "W4415372665", "url": "https://openalex.org/works/W4415372665" } ], "balagha:deviceCode": "FOLDING", "balagha:arabicName": "الطي والنشر / اللف والنشر", "balagha:transliteration": "al-ṭayy wa-l-nashr / al-laff wa-l-nashr", "balagha:category": "Linguistic Embellishments (‘ilm al-badī‘)", "balagha:subcategory": "Grouping & Distinguishing", "balagha:balaghaScore": "CB-5", "balagha:openAlex": "W4415372665", "balagha:sourceCount": 6, "inDefinedTermSet": { "@type": "DefinedTermSet", "name": "ARDT v0.1.0" } }, "balagha:subtypes": [ { "@type": "DefinedTerm", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#FOLDING-OU", "name": "Parallel/Ordered Unfolding", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#FOLDING-OU", "balagha:localId": "FOLDING-OU", "balagha:kind": "subtype", "balagha:parentId": "FOLDING", "balagha:arabicName": "النَّشْر المُرَتَّب", "balagha:transliteration": "al-nashr al-murattab", "balagha:definition": "The unfolding follows the same sequence as the folding up.", "balagha:examples": [ "FD8G8", "DGUJV", "FKQ7D" ], "skos:broader": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q88" } }, { "@type": "DefinedTerm", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#FOLDING-RU", "name": "Non-Parallel/Reversed Unfolding", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#FOLDING-RU", "balagha:localId": "FOLDING-RU", "balagha:kind": "subtype", "balagha:parentId": "FOLDING", "balagha:arabicName": "النَّشْر عَلى غَيْر تَرْتِيب اللَّفّ", "balagha:transliteration": "al-nashr ʿalā ghayri tartīb al-laff", "balagha:definition": "The unfolding reverses the order of the folding up.", "balagha:examples": [ "2V5PW", "UTNSN", "RUS6D" ], "skos:broader": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q88" } }, { "@type": "DefinedTerm", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#FOLDING-CU", "name": "Confused Unfolding", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#FOLDING-CU", "balagha:localId": "FOLDING-CU", "balagha:kind": "subtype", "balagha:parentId": "FOLDING", "balagha:arabicName": "النَّشْر المُشَوَّش", "balagha:transliteration": "al-nashr al-mushawwash", "balagha:definition": "The unfolding is arranged in a scrambled sequence: the corresponding items do not follow either the original order of the folding up or its simple reverse, although the addressee can still determine which item of the unfolding belongs to which item in the folding up.", "balagha:examples": [ "74KSV", "H877S", "QVCU9" ], "skos:broader": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q88" } } ], "balagha:examples": [ { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "FOLDING-OU", "exampleOfName": "Parallel/Ordered Unfolding", "id": "FD8G8", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#FD8G8", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#FOLDING-OU" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "وَمِن رَّحْمَتِهِ جَعَلَ لَكُمُ اللَّيْلَ وَالنَّهَارَ لِتَسْكُنُوا فِيهِ وَلِتَبْتَغُوا مِن فَضْلِهِ Qurʾān 28:73", "english": "And out of His mercy He made for you the night and the day, that you may rest therein and that you may seek from His bounty.", "explanation": "Night corresponds to rest; day corresponds to seeking bounty.[2][3]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "FOLDING-OU", "exampleOfName": "Parallel/Ordered Unfolding", "id": "DGUJV", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#DGUJV", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#FOLDING-OU" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "الكتاب والفيلم متاحان الآن: يمكنك قراءته من المكتبة، أو مشاهدته على الإنترنت.", "english": "The book and the film are both available now: you can read it at the library, or watch it online.", "explanation": "The book is mentioned first and corresponds to reading, while the film is mentioned second and corresponds to watching. The order is preserved." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "FOLDING-OU", "exampleOfName": "Parallel/Ordered Unfolding", "id": "FKQ7D", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#FKQ7D", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#FOLDING-OU" }, "inLanguage": "en", "english": "The key and the password were missing: one from the drawer, the other from my memory.", "explanation": "The key is mentioned first and corresponds to being missing from the drawer, while the password is mentioned second and corresponds to being missing from memory. The unfolding therefore preserves the order of the folding up, while leaving the addressee to infer the pairings." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "FOLDING-RU", "exampleOfName": "Non-Parallel/Reversed Unfolding", "id": "2V5PW", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#2V5PW", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#FOLDING-RU" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "فَمَحَوْنَا آيَةَ اللَّيْلِ وَجَعَلْنَا آيَةَ النَّهَارِ مُبْصِرَةً لِتَبْتَغُوا فَضْلًا مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ وَلِتَعْلَمُوا عَدَدَ السِّنِينَ وَالْحِسَابَ Qurʾān 17:12", "english": "And We erased the sign of the night and made the sign of the day visible, that you may seek bounty from your Lord and that you may know the number of years and the reckoning.", "explanation": "Night and day are mentioned in that order (the folding up). Seeking bounty corresponds to the day, while knowing the number of years and the reckoning corresponds to the night; the order is therefore reversed.[2]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "FOLDING-RU", "exampleOfName": "Non-Parallel/Reversed Unfolding", "id": "UTNSN", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#UTNSN", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#FOLDING-RU" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "القمر والشمس ظاهرتان مختلفتان: إحداهما تشرق نهارًا، والأخرى تظهر ليلاً.", "english": "The moon and sun differ: one appears by day, the other by night.", "explanation": "The moon is mentioned first and the sun second, but the first description belongs to the sun and the second belongs to the moon. The unfolding therefore reverses the order of the folding up." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "FOLDING-RU", "exampleOfName": "Non-Parallel/Reversed Unfolding", "id": "RUS6D", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#RUS6D", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#FOLDING-RU" }, "inLanguage": "en", "english": "The key and the password were missing: one from my memory, the other from the drawer.", "explanation": "The key is mentioned first and the password second, but being missing from memory corresponds to the password, while being missing from the drawer corresponds to the key. The unfolding therefore reverses the order of the folding up, while leaving the addressee to infer the pairings." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "FOLDING-CU", "exampleOfName": "Confused Unfolding", "id": "74KSV", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#74KSV", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#FOLDING-CU" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "هو ليل وورد ومسك خدًّا ونفسًا وشعرًا", "explanation": "The unfolding is deliberately confused: the addressee cannot determine a single recoverable ordering that pairs each item in the first set with its corresponding description in the second.[5]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "FOLDING-CU", "exampleOfName": "Confused Unfolding", "id": "H877S", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#H877S", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#FOLDING-CU" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "الغِنى والفَقرُ والعِلمُ والجَهلُ بها تحيا الشُّعوبُ وبها تموت", "english": "Wealth and poverty, knowledge and ignorance — by them peoples live and die.", "explanation": "Four items are introduced (wealth, poverty, knowledge, ignorance). Two descriptions follow (living and dying). The addressee cannot determine which of the four items corresponds to living and which to dying, as no ordering principle is recoverable." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "FOLDING-CU", "exampleOfName": "Confused Unfolding", "id": "QVCU9", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#QVCU9", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOLDING:_Folding_and_Unfolding#FOLDING-CU" }, "inLanguage": "en", "english": "The bell, the candle, and the rose filled the room: with light, with fragrance, and with sound.", "explanation": "The bell corresponds to sound, the candle to light, and the rose to fragrance. The folding up presents them in the order bell–candle–rose, while the unfolding presents their corresponding attributes in the order light–fragrance–sound. The pairings remain recoverable, but the unfolding follows neither the original order nor its reversal, and is therefore confused or scrambled." } ], "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "@id": "https://marathe.org/#mandar", "honorificPrefix": "Dr", "name": "Mandar Marathe", "givenName": "Mandar", "familyName": "Marathe", "alternateName": "Dr Mandar Marathe", "url": "https://marathe.org/", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://marathe.org/" }, "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-6927-6836", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "Google Scholar", "value": "w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "url": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ" } ], "sameAs": [ "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836", "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=38961640000", "https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/GRX-5034-2022", "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mandar_Marathe", "https://independent.academia.edu/MandarMaratheUK", "https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Mandar-Marathe/34623281", "https://arxiv.org/a/marathe_m_1.html", "https://dblp.org/pid/413/7182", "https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/mandar-marathe", "https://www.linkedin.com/in/mandar-marathe-uk/", "https://x.com/DrMMarathe", "https://www.youtube.com/@drmandarmarathe", "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q19", "https://balaghabase.org/wiki/Item:Q19" ], "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "The Arabic Research Institute", "url": "https://arabicresearch.org/" } ], "owns": [ { "@id": "https://marathe.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://rhetorical-density.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://project.balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balagha-corpus.com/#website" } ] } ] }