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Al-Balagha.com. https://doi.org/10.64393/balagha.Q96", "dateModified": "2026-09-13T15:48:49+00:00", "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/", "copyrightHolder": { "@type": "Person", "@id": "https://marathe.org/#mandar", "name": "Dr Mandar Marathe", "url": "https://marathe.org/" }, "encoding": [ { "@type": "MediaObject", "encodingFormat": "text/html", "contentUrl": "https://al-balagha.com/html/FOREWRN.html" }, { "@type": "MediaObject", "encodingFormat": "application/pdf", "contentUrl": "https://al-balagha.com/pdf/FOREWRN.pdf" }, { "@type": "MediaObject", "encodingFormat": "application/ld+json", "contentUrl": "https://al-balagha.com/json/FOREWRN.json" } ], "balagha:archive": { "@type": "balagha:Archive", "balagha:htmlUrl": "https://al-balagha.com/html/FOREWRN.html", "balagha:pdfUrl": "https://al-balagha.com/pdf/FOREWRN.pdf", "balagha:jsonUrl": "https://al-balagha.com/json/FOREWRN.json" }, "balagha:contentType": "RhetoricalDevice", "balagha:categories": [ "Arabic Rhetorical Devices", "Linguistic Embellishments (‘ilm al-badī‘)", "Paragraph Structure & Flow", "ARDT v0.1.1" ], "balagha:internalIds": { "@type": "balagha:InternalIds", "balagha:mediaWikiPageId": "601", "balagha:mediaWikiRevisionId": "12625" }, "balagha:capture": { "@type": "balagha:Capture", "balagha:capturedAt": "2026-09-18T09:44:37.201Z", "balagha:generator": "MediaWiki 1.40.1", "balagha:sourceUrl": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOREWRN:_Forewarning", "balagha:canonicalUrl": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOREWRN:_Forewarning" }, "balagha:content": { "definition": "From the sources\nForewarning (al-irṣād), also called al-tashīm), is an Arabic rhetorical device in which one part of an utterance semantically or verbally indicates another part strongly enough for the addressee to anticipate or reconstruct it. Most commonly, earlier material prepares the addressee for a forthcoming completion, such as the closing unit of a prose passage or the rhyme of a verse; some formulations also include the reverse relation, where later material indicates what preceded it.[1][2][3][4]\nIn its traditional formulation, the anticipated element may be the closing unit of a prose passage (fāṣila) or the rhyme of a verse (qāfiya). Knowledge of the rhyme letter (rawī) may assist the anticipation, but is not required in every instance.[1][2]\nʿAkkāwī reports that the indication may operate through meaning or through wording, while Abdul-Raof (2006) describes the corresponding mechanism as contextual and linguistic clues in the earlier part of a speech that enable the addressee to predict what follows.[1][3]", "linguisticOperation": "From the sources\nEarlier material in the utterance provides indications from which the addressee can anticipate forthcoming material before it is expressed.[1][2][3]\nThe indication may arise through meaning or through wording.[1]\nIn poetry, knowledge of the rawī may help the addressee anticipate the rhyme word; however, the device may also operate without such knowledge when the preceding context sufficiently constrains the completion.[1][2]\nAl-Nābulusī additionally formulates the relation bidirectionally: later material may indicate preceding material strongly enough for the earlier wording to be reconstructed.[4]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nIn this encyclopedia, the mechanism is described as follows:\n\nThe device establishes a sufficiently strong relation between two portions of an utterance that one makes the other predictable or recoverable. In the usual forward form, preceding material constrains or signals a forthcoming completion, which subsequently appears.\nThe defining feature is predictability or recoverability generated by the relationship between the two portions, rather than merely their semantic appropriateness to one another.", "recognition": "From the sources\nForewarning may be present when:\n\nMaterial occurring before the end of an utterance enables the listener or reader to anticipate what will follow before the utterance is complete.[1][2][3]\nThe anticipation may result from semantic or verbal indications in the preceding material.[1]\nIn verse, knowledge of the rhyme consonant may narrow the possible completion, although some examples remain predictable without knowledge of the rawī.[1][2]\nIn al-Nābulsī's broader formulation, later material may instead indicate earlier material sufficiently strongly for the preceding wording to be reconstructed.[4]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nThe following diagnostic tests aid identification:\n\nCover the anticipated final word, phrase, or clausula and ask whether the preceding material makes that particular continuation reasonably predictable.\nCheck whether the predicted conclusion has been prepared by the earlier wording rather than occurring unexpectedly.\nWhere the relation operates in reverse, cover the earlier portion and ask whether the later material makes that wording reasonably reconstructable.", "diagnosticCommunicativeEnhancements": "From the sources\nThe device is classified among the muḥassināt maʿnawiyya (semantic embellishments).[3][2]\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.", "examples": "Constructed Example🔗\nإِذَا أَشْرَقَتِ الشَّمْسُ بَدَّدَتِ الظَّلَامَ، وَإِذَا غَابَتْ عَادَ الْقِتَامُ\"When the sun rises it disperses the darkness, and when it sets the gloom returns.\"\nExplanation\nThe mention of the sun's rising and its dispersal of darkness prepares and predicts the closing rhyme word al-qitām (gloom/murk). Once the rawī (here, mīm) is known, a competent reader can anticipate the closing unit before it arrives.Quranic prose examplesSource Example🔗\nوَسَبِّحْ بِحَمْدِ رَبِّكَ قَبْلَ طُلُوعِ الشَّمْسِ وَقَبْلَ الْغُرُوبِ\"And exalt [God] with praise of your Lord before the rising of the sun and before its setting.\" (Q50:39)\nExplanation\nThe mention of ṭulūʿ al-shams prepares and predicts the closing unit al-ghurūb.[2]Source Example🔗\nوَمَا كَانَ اللهُ لِيَظْلِمَهُمْ وَلَكِنْ كَانُوا أَنْفُسَهُمْ يَظْلِمُونَ\"And God would not have wronged them, but it was they who were wronging themselves.\" (Q29:40)\nExplanation\nThe statement prepares the audience to predict the concluding verb yaẓlimūn. Abdul-Raof (2006) uses this verse to illustrate how the listener can predict the conclusion before the communicator has finished the statement.[3]Source Example🔗\nوَلِكُلِّ أُمَّةٍ أَجَلٌ فَإِذَا جَاءَ أَجَلُهُمْ لَا يَسْتَأْخِرُونَ سَاعَةً وَلَا يَسْتَقْدِمُونَ\"And for every community there is a term. So when their term comes, they will not be delayed an hour, nor will they be advanced.\" (Q7:34)\nExplanation\nCited by al-Hāshimī (2019) as an example in which al-Irṣād operates without requiring knowledge of the rawī.[2]Verse examplesSource Example🔗\nأَحَلَّتْ دَمِي مِنْ غَيْرِ جُرْمٍ وَحَرَّمَتْ - بِلَا سَبَبٍ عِنْدَ اللِّقَاءِ كَلَامِيفَلَيْسَ الَّذِي حَلَّلْتَهُ بِمُحَلَّلٍ - وَلَيْسَ الَّذِي حَرَّمْتَهُ بِمُحَرَّمِ\"She made my blood lawful without any crime, and forbade without cause my words at our meeting...\"\nExplanation\nThe third hemistich, “What you made lawful is not lawful,” makes the fourth, “And what you forbade is not forbidden,” predictable in its entirety through the semantic and structural correspondence between the two clauses. Al-Nābulusī uses this example to show that al-tashīm may anticipate more than the rhyme word alone.[4]Source Example🔗\nإِذَا لَمْ تَسْتَطِعْ شَيْئًا فَدَعْهُ وَجَاوِزْهُ إِلَى مَا تَسْتَطِيعُ\"If you cannot do something, leave it and pass on to what you are able to do.\"\nExplanation\nThe first hemistich directly anticipates the rhyme word at the close of the second hemistich.[2]", "notes": "al-tashīm is an alternative name for al-irṣād; ʿAkkāwī explicitly states that al-irṣād is also called al-tashīm.[1]\nThe terminology overlaps historically with al-tawshīḥ. ʿAkkāwī records both authors who use tawshīḥ for the anticipatory phenomenon and others who distinguish tashīm from tawshīḥ; Ibn al-Athīr is reported as preferring the name irṣād for this mechanism.[1][5]\nAbdul-Raof (2006) translates the device as \"Observation\", reflecting the addressee's role in anticipating the forthcoming completion.[3]", "references": [ { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOREWRN:_Forewarning#cite_note-akkawi-1", "citationNumber": 1, "citationKey": "akkawi", "text": "Inʿām Fawwāl ʿAkkāwī, Al-Muʿjam al-Mufaṣṣal fī ʿUlūm al-Balāgha: Al-Badīʿ wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Maʿānī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1996), 60-62.", "html": "Inʿām Fawwāl ʿAkkāwī, Al-Muʿjam al-Mufaṣṣal fī ʿUlūm al-Balāgha: Al-Badīʿ wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Maʿānī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1996), 60-62.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [], "doi": [], "url": [] }, "links": [] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOREWRN:_Forewarning#cite_note-hashimi-2", "citationNumber": 2, "citationKey": "hashimi", "text": "Aḥmad al-Hāshimī, Jawāhir al-Balāgha fī al-Maʿānī wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ (Windsor: Hindāwī Foundation, 2019), 367–368, ISBN 9781527316386.", "html": "Aḥmad al-Hāshimī, Jawāhir al-Balāgha fī al-Maʿānī wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ (Windsor: Hindāwī Foundation, 2019), 367–368, ISBN 9781527316386.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [ "9781527316386" ], "doi": [], "url": [ "https://www.hindawi.org/books/85925824/3.1/", "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527316386" ] }, "links": [ { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "Jawāhir al-Balāgha fī al-Maʿānī wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ", "url": "https://www.hindawi.org/books/85925824/3.1/", "rel": "nofollow", "kind": "external" }, { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "ISBN 9781527316386", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527316386", "kind": "internal" } ] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOREWRN:_Forewarning#cite_note-abdul-raof-3", "citationNumber": 3, "citationKey": "abdul-raof", "text": "Hussein Abdul-Raof, Arabic Rhetoric: A Pragmatic Analysis (Oxford: Routledge, 2006), 253–254, ISBN 9780415386098. 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Once the rawī (here, mīm) is known, a competent reader can anticipate the closing unit before it arrives." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "FOREWRN", "exampleOfName": "Forewarning", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-hashimi-2" ], "id": "LFUMEH6", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOREWRN:_Forewarning#LFUMEH6", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q96" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "وَسَبِّحْ بِحَمْدِ رَبِّكَ قَبْلَ طُلُوعِ الشَّمْسِ وَقَبْلَ الْغُرُوبِ", "english": "\"And exalt [God] with praise of your Lord before the rising of the sun and before its setting.\" (Q50:39)", "explanation": "The mention of ṭulūʿ al-shams prepares and predicts the closing unit al-ghurūb.[2]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "FOREWRN", "exampleOfName": "Forewarning", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-abdul-raof-3" ], "id": "XT7VVLY", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOREWRN:_Forewarning#XT7VVLY", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q96" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "وَمَا كَانَ اللهُ لِيَظْلِمَهُمْ وَلَكِنْ كَانُوا أَنْفُسَهُمْ يَظْلِمُونَ", "english": "\"And God would not have wronged them, but it was they who were wronging themselves.\" (Q29:40)", "explanation": "The statement prepares the audience to predict the concluding verb yaẓlimūn. Abdul-Raof (2006) uses this verse to illustrate how the listener can predict the conclusion before the communicator has finished the statement.[3]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "FOREWRN", "exampleOfName": "Forewarning", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-hashimi-2" ], "id": "WAVP68A", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOREWRN:_Forewarning#WAVP68A", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q96" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "وَلِكُلِّ أُمَّةٍ أَجَلٌ فَإِذَا جَاءَ أَجَلُهُمْ لَا يَسْتَأْخِرُونَ سَاعَةً وَلَا يَسْتَقْدِمُونَ", "english": "\"And for every community there is a term. So when their term comes, they will not be delayed an hour, nor will they be advanced.\" (Q7:34)", "explanation": "Cited by al-Hāshimī (2019) as an example in which al-Irṣād operates without requiring knowledge of the rawī.[2]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "FOREWRN", "exampleOfName": "Forewarning", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-cachia-152-4" ], "id": "JNMPVRA", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOREWRN:_Forewarning#JNMPVRA", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q96" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "أَحَلَّتْ دَمِي مِنْ غَيْرِ جُرْمٍ وَحَرَّمَتْ - بِلَا سَبَبٍ عِنْدَ اللِّقَاءِ كَلَامِي فَلَيْسَ الَّذِي حَلَّلْتَهُ بِمُحَلَّلٍ - وَلَيْسَ الَّذِي حَرَّمْتَهُ بِمُحَرَّمِ", "english": "\"She made my blood lawful without any crime, and forbade without cause my words at our meeting...\"", "explanation": "The third hemistich, “What you made lawful is not lawful,” makes the fourth, “And what you forbade is not forbidden,” predictable in its entirety through the semantic and structural correspondence between the two clauses. Al-Nābulusī uses this example to show that al-tashīm may anticipate more than the rhyme word alone.[4]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "FOREWRN", "exampleOfName": "Forewarning", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-hashimi-2" ], "id": "VEU424W", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/FOREWRN:_Forewarning#VEU424W", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q96" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "إِذَا لَمْ تَسْتَطِعْ شَيْئًا فَدَعْهُ وَجَاوِزْهُ إِلَى مَا تَسْتَطِيعُ", "english": "\"If you cannot do something, leave it and pass on to what you are able to do.\"", "explanation": "The first hemistich directly anticipates the rhyme word at the close of the second hemistich.[2]" } ], "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "@id": "https://marathe.org/#mandar", "honorificPrefix": "Dr", "name": "Mandar Marathe", "givenName": "Mandar", "familyName": "Marathe", "alternateName": "Dr Mandar Marathe", "url": "https://marathe.org/", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://marathe.org/" }, "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-6927-6836", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "Google Scholar", "value": "w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "url": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ" } ], "sameAs": [ "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836", "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=38961640000", "https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/GRX-5034-2022", "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mandar_Marathe", "https://independent.academia.edu/MandarMaratheUK", "https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Mandar-Marathe/34623281", "https://arxiv.org/a/marathe_m_1.html", "https://dblp.org/pid/413/7182", "https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/mandar-marathe", "https://www.linkedin.com/in/mandar-marathe-uk/", "https://x.com/DrMMarathe", "https://www.youtube.com/@drmandarmarathe", "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q19", "https://balaghabase.org/wiki/Item:Q19" ], "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "The Arabic Research Institute", "url": "https://arabicresearch.org/" } ], "owns": [ { "@id": "https://marathe.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://rhetorical-density.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://project.balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balagha-corpus.com/#website" } ] } ] }