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'GRPDIFF: Grouping Then Differentiating'. 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Rhetorical Devices", "Linguistic Embellishments (‘ilm al-badī‘)", "Grouping & Distinguishing", "ARDT v0.1.1" ], "balagha:internalIds": { "@type": "balagha:InternalIds", "balagha:mediaWikiPageId": "587", "balagha:mediaWikiRevisionId": "12487" }, "balagha:capture": { "@type": "balagha:Capture", "balagha:capturedAt": "2026-09-18T09:23:22.620Z", "balagha:generator": "MediaWiki 1.40.1", "balagha:sourceUrl": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/GRPDIFF:_Grouping_Then_Differentiating", "balagha:canonicalUrl": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/GRPDIFF:_Grouping_Then_Differentiating" }, "balagha:content": { "definition": "Grouping Then Differentiating (al-jamʿ maʿa al-tafrīq) is an Arabic rhetorical device where the communicator brings two things together under one meaning or one ruling, then differentiates the aspect by which each was subsumed under it.[1][2][3][4][5]", "linguisticOperation": "From the sources\nTwo subjects are brought together (jamʿ) under one meaning, ruling, or comparison (maʿnā wāḥid / ḥukm wāḥid).[1][2][3][5]\nThe two aspects by which each subject was subsumed under that shared predicate are then differentiated (tafrīq) — that is, a distinct jiha (aspect or mode of inclusion) is specified for each subject.[1][2][3][5]\nThe basis of either the grouping or the differentiation may be similarity or opposition in circumstances, attributes, causes, effects, or comparable relations.[5]", "recognition": "Encyclopedia Interpretation\nThe following diagnostic tests aid identification:\n\nTwo or more subjects are mentioned.\nA single predicate, ruling, or comparison is applied to both subjects.\nA subsequent specification assigns a distinct aspect (jiha) to each subject, derived from that shared predicate.", "diagnosticCommunicativeEnhancements": "Encyclopedia Interpretation\nIt creates a balance between unity and distinction: the two subjects are first brought together under one shared meaning or ruling, then separated by the particular aspect through which each participates in it.\nIt sharpens comparison by preventing the shared predicate from flattening the difference between the two subjects.\nIt produces analytical precision by showing that the same general category can apply in different ways or through different aspects.\nIt can intensify contrast within resemblance, since the reader first recognises the common ground and then notices the difference in the mode of inclusion.\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.", "examples": "Source Example🔗\nفَوَجْهُكَ كَالنَّارِ فِي ضَوْئِهَا، وَقَلْبِي كَالنَّارِ فِي حَرِّهَاYour face is like fire in its light, and my heart is like fire in its heat.— Rashīd al-Dīn al-Waṭwāṭ\nExplanation\nThe face and the heart are both grouped under the comparison to fire, then differentiated: the face corresponds to fire's light and radiance, the heart to fire's heat and burning.[1][2][3][4]Source Example🔗\nخَلَقْتَنِي مِن نَّارٍ وَخَلَقْتَهُ مِن طِينٍYou created me from fire, and him from clay.— Qurʾān 7:12\nExplanation\nBoth Iblīs and Adam are grouped under the single act of creation by God, then differentiated by the material of their creation: fire for Iblīs, clay for Adam.[1]Constructed Example🔗\nوَجْهُهَا كَالْقَمَرِ فِي ضِيَائِهِ، وَصَوْتُهَا كَالْقَمَرِ فِي هُدُوئِهِ.Her face is like the moon in its brightness, and her voice is like the moon in its calmness.\nExplanation\nBoth the face and the voice are grouped under one comparison to the moon, then differentiated according to the distinct aspect of that comparison (brightness versus calmness).English Constructed Example🔗\nBoth words were weapons: hers wounded by ridicule, his by accusation.\nExplanation\nThe words are first grouped under the shared description of being weapons, then differentiated according to the distinct way in which each causes harm: hers through ridicule, his through accusation.", "seeAlso": "Disambiguation page for Grouping & Distinguishing devices", "notes": "The term jiha (aspect, mode, or ground of inclusion) is central to the classical definitions of this device. Al-Sakkākī's definition, as cited by ʿAkkāwī (1996), additionally specifies that the two aspects should be mutaqāribayn (closely related or proximate). This qualifier is absent from the definitions given by al-Hāshimī (2019) and Atīq (2002), and has not been incorporated into the core definition above.[2]", "references": [ { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/GRPDIFF:_Grouping_Then_Differentiating#cite_note-jawaher-1", "citationNumber": 1, "citationKey": "jawaher", "text": "Aḥmad al-Hāshimī, Jawāhir al-Balāgha fī al-Maʿānī wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ (Windsor: Hindāwī Foundation, 2019), 197–221, ISBN 9781527316386.", "html": "Aḥmad al-Hāshimī, Jawāhir al-Balāgha fī al-Maʿānī wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ (Windsor: Hindāwī Foundation, 2019), 197–221, ISBN 9781527316386.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [ "9781527316386" ], "doi": [], "url": [ "https://www.hindawi.org/books/85925824/3.1/", "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527316386" ] }, "links": [ { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "Jawāhir al-Balāgha fī al-Maʿānī wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ", "url": "https://www.hindawi.org/books/85925824/3.1/", "rel": "nofollow", "kind": "external" }, { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "ISBN 9781527316386", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527316386", "kind": "internal" } ] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/GRPDIFF:_Grouping_Then_Differentiating#cite_note-akkawi-2", "citationNumber": 2, "citationKey": "akkawi", "text": "Inʿām Fawwāl ʿAkkāwī, Al-Muʿjam al-Mufaṣṣal fī ʿUlūm al-Balāgha: Al-Badīʿ wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Maʿānī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1996), 462-463.", "html": "Inʿām Fawwāl ʿAkkāwī, Al-Muʿjam al-Mufaṣṣal fī ʿUlūm al-Balāgha: Al-Badīʿ wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Maʿānī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1996), 462-463.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [], "doi": [], "url": [] }, "links": [] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/GRPDIFF:_Grouping_Then_Differentiating#cite_note-atiq-3", "citationNumber": 3, "citationKey": "atiq", "text": "ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Atīq, ʿIlm al-Badīʿ (Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍa al-ʿArabiyya lil-Ṭibāʿa wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʿ, 2002), 160-161.", "html": "ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Atīq, ʿIlm al-Badīʿ (Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍa al-ʿArabiyya lil-Ṭibāʿa wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʿ, 2002), 160-161.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [], "doi": [], "url": [] }, "links": [] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/GRPDIFF:_Grouping_Then_Differentiating#cite_note-rf-4", "citationNumber": 4, "citationKey": "rf", "text": "W. 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from fire, and him from clay.", "explanation": "Both Iblīs and Adam are grouped under the single act of creation by God, then differentiated by the material of their creation: fire for Iblīs, clay for Adam.[1]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "GRPDIFF", "exampleOfName": "Grouping Then Differentiating", "id": "JWRNJ", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/GRPDIFF:_Grouping_Then_Differentiating#JWRNJ", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q86" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "وَجْهُهَا كَالْقَمَرِ فِي ضِيَائِهِ، وَصَوْتُهَا كَالْقَمَرِ فِي هُدُوئِهِ.", "english": "Her face is like the moon in its brightness, and her voice is like the moon in its calmness.", "explanation": "Both the face and the voice are grouped under one comparison to the moon, then differentiated according to the distinct aspect of that comparison (brightness versus calmness)." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": 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