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"definition": "From the sources\nImperative (al-amr) is an Arabic rhetorical device where a communicator requests that an addressee perform an action in a manner of superiority (al-istiʿlāʾ).[1][2][3]\nThe sources differ over whether obligation (al-ilzām) forms part of the definition. al-Hāshimī defines the Imperative as ṭalab ḥuṣūl al-fiʿl min al-mukhāṭab ʿalā wajh al-istiʿlāʾ maʿa al-ilzām (\"a request for the occurrence of an action from the addressee, in a manner of superiority, together with obligation\").[2] Ghani similarly identifies its true rhetorical function as \"ṭalab tanfīdh al-fiʿl ʿalā wajh al-ilzām wa-l-ijbār wa-l-istiʿlāʾ\" (\"a request to carry out an action in a manner of obligation, compulsion, and superiority\").[4] ʿAkkāwī likewise records a formulation containing both istiʿlāʾ and ilzām.[5] ʿAtīq similarly defines the Imperative as \"ṭalab al-fiʿl ʿalā wajh al-istiʿlāʾ wa-l-ilzām\" (\"requesting an action in a manner of superiority and obligation\").[6] Nāṣif and Funūn, however, define the Imperative in terms of requesting an action on the basis of istiʿlāʾ without including ilzām in the definition.[1][3]\nAbdul-Raof and Hatim do not supply a formal lexical definition in the reviewed excerpts; they proceed directly to the secondary rhetorical purposes the Imperative can express.[7][8] This gap is flagged rather than filled from general knowledge.\nFor the ordinary linguistic system of the imperative construction in Arabic, see The Imperative in Arabic (al-Amr).",
"linguisticOperation": "From the sources\nIn its literal use, the Imperative communicates a request for the performance of an action on the basis of superiority (istiʿlāʾ); some sources additionally characterise this literal use as carrying obligation (ilzām).[1][4][5][2][3]\nWhen the Imperative is directed from a lower speaker to God, it may convey al-duʿāʾ (supplication).[1][4][2]\nWhen it is directed between persons of equal standing, it may convey al-iltimās (request/entreaty).[1][4][5][2]\nThe Imperative form may also depart from its original meaning to convey a wide range of other meanings, understood from the context of speech (siyāq al-kalām) and contextual indicators (qarāʾin al-aḥwāl).[1][2][3][6]\nGhani further distinguishes al-rajāʾ from supplication, using it for an Imperative directed from a lower speaker to a higher human addressee.[4]",
"recognition": "Imperative may be present when an imperative construction is used in a context where its ordinary commanding force gives way to another meaning understood from the context of speech and contextual indicators.[2][3][6]\nFor the grammatical forms through which the Imperative is realised, see The Imperative in Arabic (al-Amr).",
"diagnosticCommunicativeEnhancements": "From the sources\nThe Imperative can have a wide range of pragmatic effects as described in the \"Types of Imperative\" section.\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.",
"differentFrom": "al-nahy (Prohibition) — described in the sources as the direct opposite (naqīḍ) of the Imperative: a request to refrain from an action, in a manner of superiority with obligation, rather than a request to perform one.[4][8]\nal-istifhām (Interrogative) — al-Hāshimī groups the Imperative alongside the Interrogative as one of the five types of inshāʾ ṭalabī (requestive performative speech), the Interrogative being a request for knowledge rather than for an action.[2]\nal-tamannī (Wish) — likewise grouped by al-Hāshimī among the five types of inshāʾ ṭalabī; Wish requests something desired but not expected to occur, without the superiority/obligation condition that defines the Imperative in its literal use, even though the Imperative form can itself be used rhetorically to express Wish.[2]",
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"technicalNotes": "Note on scope: The sources provide substantially different inventories of secondary purposes. ʿAkkāwī's inventory is especially extensive and records differing classifications among earlier authorities; ʿAtīq independently corroborates many of the principal and less frequent purposes while also recording several additional meanings attributed to Ibn Fāris.[5][6]\nFunūn notes that the rhetorical purposes of the Imperative may overlap and that the listed purposes are not exhaustive.[3]\nFunūn reports that scholars of uṣūl al-fiqh, including al-Āmidī, catalogue fifteen uses of the Imperative.[3]\nFunūn reports agreement among the uṣūlīs that uses of the Imperative other than request (ṭalab), threat (tahdīd), and permission (ibāḥa) are non-literal (majāz).[3]\nʿAtīq, following an inventory attributed to Ibn Fāris, also lists al-wujūb (obligation) as a meaning of the Imperative, describing cases in which \"the expression is imperative and the meaning is obligation.\" Because obligation substantially overlaps with the literal commanding force recognised in definitions of the Imperative that include ilzām, it is recorded here rather than treated as a separate secondary rhetorical effect.[6]\nThe terminology surrounding al-takwīn and al-taskhīr is not uniform across the sources. ʿAkkāwī distinguishes the two and treats al-takwīn as broader, whereas ʿAtīq reports that some rhetoricians use al-taskhīr as a name for al-takwīn. The present entry preserves ʿAkkāwī's distinction while recording the alternative terminology.[5][6]",
"historicalNotes": "Haleem's excerpt discusses the Imperative only in passing, as one illustration (alongside the Interrogative) of the broader phenomenon of ikhrāj al-kalām ʿalā khilāf muqtaḍā al-ẓāhir (departure of speech from its apparent requirement); it supplies no independent definition or purpose-list for the Imperative and is treated as a minimal, corroborating source only.[25]\nThe uploaded Hatim excerpt continues past the Imperative material into the opening of a section on Proscription (al-Nahy); that material falls outside the scope of this entry and has not been drawn upon here.[8]\nSources record scholarly disagreement over whether istiʿlāʾ (superiority) is a necessary condition of the Imperative. The majority of the Māturīdīs, al-Rāzī, and al-Āmidī (of the Ashʿarīs), and Abū al-Ḥasan (of the Muʿtazila) require it; al-Ashʿarī himself, and many Shāfiʿīs following him, did not require it.[2]"
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"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "اِشْرَحْ هَذَا الدَّرْسَ.",
"english": "\"Explain this lesson.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative ishraḥ (\"explain\") is addressed by a student to a teacher. Since the Imperative proceeds from a lower-status speaker to a higher human addressee, it conveys petition or hope (al-rajāʾ) rather than a literal command. Ghani explicitly cites this example under al-rajāʾ and identifies the higher addressee as the teacher.[10]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"id": "NFGGDNW",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#NFGGDNW",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "يَا أُسْتَاذِي، سَاعِدْنِي فِي هَذِهِ الْمَسْأَلَةِ.",
"english": "\"My teacher, help me with this problem.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative sāʿidnī (\"help me\") is addressed by a student to a teacher. The speaker is therefore requesting an action from a higher human addressee rather than commanding them, illustrating Ghani's category of al-rajāʾ."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-ghani-333-11"
],
"id": "8554CNX",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#8554CNX",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "اِسْمَعْ إِلَى كَلَامِ الْأُسْتَاذِ يَا طَارِقُ.",
"english": "\"Listen to the teacher's words, Tariq.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative ismaʿ (\"listen\") is addressed by one person to another of equal standing. Ghani explicitly cites this example under al-iltimās, explaining that the Imperative conveys a request between two persons equal in status and standing.[11]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"id": "H9KS8CY",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#H9KS8CY",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "يَا صَدِيقِي، أَعْطِنِي هَذَا الْكِتَابَ.",
"english": "\"My friend, give me this book.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative aʿṭinī (\"give me\") is addressed by one friend to another. Since the speaker and addressee are presented as equals, the Imperative functions as a request between equals (al-iltimās) rather than as a command based on superiority."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-jawaher-82-83-12"
],
"id": "KVZ7NLP",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#KVZ7NLP",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "يَا لَيْلُ طُلْ، يَا نَوْمُ زُلْ.",
"english": "\"O night, grow long; O sleep, depart.\"",
"explanation": "The imperatives ṭul (\"grow long\") and zul (\"depart\") address the night and sleep, not as genuine commands that they can obey, but to express the speaker's wish for the night to lengthen and sleep to depart. al-Hāshimī explicitly classifies these imperative forms as conveying al-tamannī.[12]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"id": "GC48YTW",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#GC48YTW",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "يَا لَيْلُ، لَا تَنْتَهِ.",
"english": "\"O night, do not end.\"",
"explanation": "The speaker addresses the night with an imperative prohibition, not expecting the night literally to obey, but expressing the wish that it continue. The imperative construction therefore conveys al-tamannī rather than a genuine command."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-jawaher-82-83-12"
],
"id": "BHJ4NAU",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#BHJ4NAU",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "خُذِ الْعَفْوَ وَأْمُرْ بِالْعُرْفِ وَأَعْرِضْ عَنِ الْجَاهِلِينَ",
"english": "\"Be gracious, enjoin what is right, and turn away from the ignorant.\" Quran 7:199",
"explanation": "The imperative khudh (\"take/be gracious\") functions as guidance or advice rather than merely as a literal command. al-Hāshimī cites this verse among the rhetorical uses of the Imperative and explicitly classifies khudh al-ʿafwa as conveying al-irshād.[12]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"id": "GQWLEF9",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#GQWLEF9",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "اخْتَرِ الصَّدِيقَ الصَّالِحَ وَتَجَنَّبْ رَفِيقَ السُّوءِ.",
"english": "\"Choose a good friend and avoid bad company.\"",
"explanation": "The imperatives ikhtar (\"choose\") and tajannab (\"avoid\") are used to advise the addressee about beneficial conduct rather than merely to impose a command, illustrating al-irshād."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"id": "MJ46VTA",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#MJ46VTA",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "قُلْ سِيرُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ فَانْظُرُوا كَيْفَ بَدَأَ الْخَلْقَ",
"english": "\"Say, travel throughout the land and observe how He originated creation.\" Quran 29:20",
"explanation": "The imperatives sīrū (\"travel\") and fa-nẓurū (\"then observe\") direct the addressees to examine the world as a means of reflection. Funūn explicitly cites this verse as an example of the Imperative conveying al-iʿtibār.[13]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"id": "G75GPAQ",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#G75GPAQ",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "انْظُرْ إِلَى آثَارِ الْمَدِينَةِ الْقَدِيمَةِ وَتَأَمَّلْ مَا حَلَّ بِأَهْلِهَا.",
"english": "\"Look at the remains of the ancient city and contemplate what befell its people.\"",
"explanation": "The imperatives unẓur (\"look\") and taʾammal (\"contemplate\") invite the addressee to examine what is observed for the purpose of reflection, illustrating al-iʿtibār."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-nasif-32-14"
],
"id": "4SPZMPW",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#4SPZMPW",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "خُذْ هَذَا أَوْ ذَاكَ.",
"english": "\"Take this or that.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative khudh (\"take\") does not require the addressee to select one particular object; instead, the alternatives introduced by aw (\"or\") leave the selection to the addressee. Nāṣif explicitly cites this example under al-takhyīr (choice).[14]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"id": "SBSW656",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#SBSW656",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "اِقْرَأْ هَذَا الْكِتَابَ أَوْ ذَاكَ.",
"english": "\"Read this book or that one.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative iqraʾ (\"read\") presents two alternatives joined by aw (\"or\") without requiring either one specifically. The addressee is free to select between them, so the Imperative conveys al-takhyīr (choice)."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-jawaher-80-9"
],
"id": "SQUKSNB",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#SQUKSNB",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "وَكُلُوا وَاشْرَبُوا حَتَّىٰ يَتَبَيَّنَ لَكُمُ الْخَيْطُ الْأَبْيَضُ مِنَ الْخَيْطِ الْأَسْوَدِ مِنَ الْفَجْرِ",
"english": "\"Eat and drink until the white thread of dawn becomes distinct to you from the black thread.\" Quran 2:187",
"explanation": "The imperatives kulū (\"eat\") and ishrabū (\"drink\") permit the actions rather than obliging the addressees to perform them. al-Hāshimī explicitly cites this verse as an example of the Imperative conveying al-ibāḥa (permission).[9]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"id": "UXHPNVG",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#UXHPNVG",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "خُذْ مِنَ الْفَاكِهَةِ إِنْ شِئْتَ.",
"english": "\"Take some fruit if you wish.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative khudh (\"take\") does not oblige the addressee to take the fruit; the phrase in shiʾta (\"if you wish\") makes clear that the action is merely permitted. The Imperative therefore conveys al-ibāḥa."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-jawaher-81-15"
],
"id": "GD554B4",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#GD554B4",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "ادْخُلْ.",
"english": "\"Enter.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative udkhul (\"enter\") is addressed to someone who has knocked at the door, and therefore grants authorization for the action sought by the addressee rather than commanding them to enter independently. al-Hāshimī explicitly cites this example under al-idhn (authorization).[15]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"id": "YK9D8EM",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#YK9D8EM",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "أَدْخُلُ؟ — ادْخُلْ.",
"english": "\"May I enter?\" — \"Enter.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative udkhul (\"enter\") responds to the addressee's request for permission and authorizes the requested action, illustrating al-idhn."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-jawaher-81-15"
],
"id": "KVQYPVZ",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#KVQYPVZ",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "اهْدِنَا الصِّرَاطَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ",
"english": "\"Guide us to the straight path.\" Quran 1:6",
"explanation": "The imperative ihdinā (\"guide us\") conveys a request for the continuation of an already realised state rather than its initial occurrence. al-Hāshimī explicitly cites this verse as an example of the Imperative conveying al-dawām (continuance).[15]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"id": "SYC5RD2",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#SYC5RD2",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "أَنْتَ عَلَى الْحَقِّ، فَالْزَمْهُ.",
"english": "\"You are upon the truth, so adhere to it.\"",
"explanation": "The first clause establishes that the addressee already possesses the relevant state. The imperative ilzamhu (\"adhere to it\") therefore seeks its continuation rather than its initial attainment, illustrating al-dawām."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-jawaher-81-15"
],
"id": "EAFV3AU",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#EAFV3AU",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "كُلْ مِمَّا يَلِيكَ.",
"english": "\"Eat from what is nearest to you.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative kul (\"eat\") instructs the addressee in proper conduct while eating. al-Hāshimī and ʿAtīq both cite kul mimmā yalīk as an instance of the Imperative conveying al-taʾdīb (discipline/training in manners).[15][16]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"id": "2X8ACCW",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#2X8ACCW",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "اسْتَأْذِنْ قَبْلَ أَنْ تَدْخُلَ.",
"english": "\"Ask permission before you enter.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative istaʾdhin (\"ask permission\") is used to teach the addressee proper conduct rather than merely to demand an isolated action, illustrating al-taʾdīb."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-jawaher-81-15"
],
"id": "Y7QRBL2",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#Y7QRBL2",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "انْظُرْ كَيْفَ ضَرَبُوا لَكَ الْأَمْثَالَ",
"english": "\"See how they strike comparisons for you.\" Quran 17:48",
"explanation": "The imperative unẓur (\"see\") draws attention to the remarkable conduct being described in order to convey amazement rather than merely requesting an act of looking. al-Hāshimī explicitly cites this verse as an example of the Imperative conveying al-taʿajjub.[17]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"id": "QP3723Y",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#QP3723Y",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "انْظُرْ كَيْفَ حَمَلَ هَذَا الطِّفْلُ ذَلِكَ الْحَجَرَ الثَّقِيلَ!",
"english": "\"Look how this child carried that heavy stone!\"",
"explanation": "The imperative unẓur (\"look\") does more than request visual attention: it directs the addressee toward something presented as remarkable or surprising, thereby conveying al-taʿajjub."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-ghani-333-11",
"cite_note-akkawi-228-18"
],
"id": "GXSKWKL",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#GXSKWKL",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "اعْمَلُوا مَا شِئْتُمْ إِنَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ",
"english": "\"Do whatever you wish; He sees all that you do.\" Quran 41:40",
"explanation": "The imperative iʿmalū (\"do\") does not genuinely authorize or encourage the addressees to act however they wish. Instead, the apparent freedom to proceed conveys a threat concerning the consequences of their actions. Ghani cites the verse under al-tahdīd wa-l-waʿīd (threat), while ʿAkkāwī cites the same verse under al-tahdīd.[11][18]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"id": "4XAPLJS",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#4XAPLJS",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "اسْتَمِرَّ فِي خِدَاعِكَ، وَسَتَرَى الْعَاقِبَةَ.",
"english": "\"Carry on with your deception, and you will see the consequence.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative istamirra (\"carry on\") does not genuinely encourage the addressee to continue the deception. The warning of the consequence makes the apparent command threatening, illustrating al-tahdīd."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-akkawi-225-19"
],
"id": "2GUA6CM",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#2GUA6CM",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "اخْسَئُوا فِيهَا وَلَا تُكَلِّمُونِ",
"english": "\"Remain despised therein and do not speak to Me.\" Quran 23:108",
"explanation": "The imperative ikhsaʾū conveys contempt toward the addressees rather than an ordinary request for an action. ʿAkkāwī cites this verse specifically under al-taḥqīr (contempt).[19]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"id": "AX2VE8U",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#AX2VE8U",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "اذْهَبْ يَا حَقِيرُ، فَلَا مَكَانَ لَكَ بَيْنَنَا.",
"english": "\"Go, you contemptible man; there is no place for you among us.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative idhhab (\"go\") occurs in an explicitly demeaning context, marked by yā ḥaqīr (\"you contemptible man\"). The Imperative therefore conveys humiliation or contempt rather than functioning only as a request for departure."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-jawaher-82-20"
],
"id": "Y48D86F",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#Y48D86F",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "قُلْ هَاتُوا بُرْهَانَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ",
"english": "\"Say, bring your proof, if you are truthful.\" Quran 2:111",
"explanation": "The imperative hātū burhānakum (\"bring your proof\") challenges the addressees to substantiate their claim, thereby exposing their inability to do so rather than functioning as an ordinary command. al-Hāshimī explicitly classifies hātū burhānakum under al-taʿjīz.[20]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "IMPERAT",
"exampleOfName": "The Imperative",
"id": "TC73UBR",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#TC73UBR",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q44"
},
"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "إِنْ زَعَمْتَ أَنَّكَ تَعْرِفُ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ، فَأَجِبْ عَنْ كُلِّ سُؤَالٍ.",
"english": "\"If you claim that you know everything, then answer every question.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative fa-ajib (\"then answer\") challenges the addressee to demonstrate an asserted ability in circumstances where the demand cannot be fulfilled. Its purpose is therefore to expose the addressee's incapacity, illustrating al-taʿjīz."
},
{
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"cite_note-jawaher-82-20"
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"arabic": "أَسِرُّوا قَوْلَكُمْ أَوِ اجْهَرُوا بِهِ",
"english": "\"Keep your speech secret or proclaim it openly.\" Quran 67:13",
"explanation": "The imperatives asirrū (\"keep secret\") and ijharū (\"proclaim openly\") present two contrary courses of action as equivalent with respect to the outcome: neither secrecy nor openness changes God's knowledge of what is within the breasts. al-Hāshimī explicitly classifies asirrū qawlakum under al-taswiya.[20]"
},
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"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#RXT6WTB",
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "اِشْكُرْنِي أَوْ لَا تَشْكُرْنِي، فَلَنْ يَتَغَيَّرَ قَرَارِي.",
"english": "\"Thank me or do not thank me; my decision will not change.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative ushkurnī (\"thank me\") is placed against the alternative of not doing so, while the following clause explicitly establishes that either course produces the same relevant outcome. The Imperative therefore conveys al-taswiya (equivalence)."
},
{
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"cite_note-akkawi-223-21"
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"id": "7DB7CUA",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#7DB7CUA",
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "كُلُوا مِنْ ثَمَرِهِ إِذَا أَثْمَرَ وَآتُوا حَقَّهُ يَوْمَ حَصَادِهِ",
"english": "\"Eat of its fruit when it bears fruit, and give its due on the day of its harvest.\" Quran 6:141",
"explanation": "The imperative kulū (\"eat\") conveys permission while also drawing attention to what has been bestowed upon the addressees as a favour. ʿAkkāwī cites this verse specifically under al-imtinān, which he describes as apparently a type of permission accompanied by imtinān.[21]"
},
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "كُلُوا مِنْ هَذِهِ الثِّمَارِ الَّتِي وَهَبْنَاهَا لَكُمْ.",
"english": "\"Eat from these fruits which We have bestowed upon you.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative kulū (\"eat\") occurs in a context that draws attention to what has been provided to the addressees as a favour. The Imperative therefore illustrates al-imtinān (reminder of a bestowed favour)."
},
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"cite_note-nasif-32-14"
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "ادْخُلُوهَا بِسَلَامٍ آمِنِينَ",
"english": "\"Enter it in peace and security.\" Quran 15:46",
"explanation": "The imperative udkhulūhā (\"enter it\") honours the addressees rather than functioning merely as an ordinary command. Nasif cites this verse specifically as an example of the Imperative conveying al-ikrām (honouring).[14]"
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "تَفَضَّلْ وَاجْلِسْ فِي صَدْرِ الْمَجْلِسِ.",
"english": "\"Please, take the place of honour at the head of the gathering.\"",
"explanation": "The imperatives tafaḍḍal (\"please/proceed\") and ijlis (\"sit\") are used not merely to obtain an action from the addressee, but in a context that accords the addressee distinction and honour. The Imperative therefore illustrates al-ikrām."
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "كُنْ فَيَكُونُ",
"english": "\"Be, and it is.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative kun (\"be\") does not request voluntary compliance from an already existing addressee; as a divine creative command, it brings about the commanded existence. ʿAkkāwī cites this expression under al-takwīn (bringing into being) and describes this purpose as broader than al-taskhīr (subjection).[22]"
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"id": "RMFEKYX",
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"arabic": "كُنْ نُورًا.",
"english": "\"Be light.\"",
"explanation": "In the hypothetical context of a divine creative utterance, the imperative kun (\"be\") would bring the commanded state into existence rather than request voluntary compliance, illustrating al-takwīn."
},
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "كُونُوا قِرَدَةً خَاسِئِينَ",
"english": "\"Be apes, despised.\" Quran 2:65",
"explanation": "The imperative kūnū (\"be\") does not function as an ordinary request that the addressees may choose to obey; it subjects them to the commanded state. ʿAkkāwī cites this verse under al-taskhīr (subjection), which he characterises as involving the abasement and subordination of the commanded entity.[19]"
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"arabic": "كُونُوا حِجَارَةً ذَلِيلَةً.",
"english": "\"Be stones, abased.\"",
"explanation": "In the hypothetical context of an irresistible divine command, the imperative kūnū (\"be\") subjects the addressees to the commanded state rather than requesting voluntary compliance, while dhalīlatan (\"abased\") makes the accompanying abasement explicit, illustrating al-taskhīr."
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"arabic": "قُلْ فَأْتُوا بِالتَّوْرَاةِ فَاتْلُوهَا إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ",
"english": "\"Say, then bring the Torah and recite it, if you are truthful.\" Quran 3:93",
"explanation": "The imperatives faʾtū (\"bring\") and fa-tlūhā (\"then recite it\") challenge the addressees to substantiate their claim by producing and reciting the Torah. ʿAkkāwī cites this verse under al-takdhīb, where the imperative serves to demonstrate the falsehood of the claim.[22]"
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"arabic": "إِنْ كُنْتَ صَادِقًا، فَأَظْهِرْ دَلِيلَكَ.",
"english": "\"If you are truthful, then produce your evidence.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative fa-aẓhir (\"then produce/show\") challenges the addressee to substantiate a disputed claim, with the challenge implying that the required evidence cannot be produced and thereby exposing the claim as false. It illustrates al-takdhīb."
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"id": "FQM2FAP",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#FQM2FAP",
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "قُلْ مُوتُوا بِغَيْظِكُمْ",
"english": "\"Say, die in your rage.\" Quran 3:119",
"explanation": "The imperative mūtū (\"die\") is not an ordinary command seeking voluntary compliance from the addressees. ʿAkkāwī cites mūtū bi-ghayẓikum (\"die in your rage\") specifically under al-talhīf, where the imperative conveys the causing or intensification of anguish or distress.[18]"
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"arabic": "ابْقَ فِي حَسْرَتِكَ وَانْظُرْ مَا فَاتَكَ.",
"english": "\"Remain in your regret and look at what you have lost.\"",
"explanation": "The imperatives ibqa (\"remain\") and unẓur (\"look\") are directed at an addressee already experiencing regret and are used to intensify that distress rather than merely to request the stated actions, illustrating al-talhīf."
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"id": "GQV9UZ3",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#GQV9UZ3",
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "فَاقْضِ مَا أَنْتَ قَاضٍ",
"english": "\"So decree whatever you are going to decree.\" Quran 20:72",
"explanation": "The imperative fa-qḍi (\"so decree\") does not genuinely request that the addressee perform the action, but accepts that the addressee may proceed with what he intends to do. ʿAkkāwī records both al-tafwīḍ (entrustment) and al-taslīm (resigned acceptance) as analyses of this verse, while noting that some rhetoricians specifically prefer al-taslīm rather than al-tafwīḍ.[23]"
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"arabic": "افْعَلْ مَا عَزَمْتَ عَلَيْهِ، فَلَنْ أُغَيِّرَ مَوْقِفِي.",
"english": "\"Do what you have resolved to do; I will not change my position.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative ifʿal (\"do\") does not seek the performance of the action but accepts that the addressee may proceed with an already determined course of action, illustrating al-taslīm."
},
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"@type": "balagha:Example",
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"id": "B55LMLP",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/IMPERAT:_The_Imperative#B55LMLP",
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "فَلْيَضْحَكُوا قَلِيلًا وَلْيَبْكُوا كَثِيرًا",
"english": "\"So let them laugh a little and weep much.\" Quran 9:82",
"explanation": "Although fal-yaḍḥakū (\"let them laugh\") and wal-yabkū (\"let them weep\") are formally imperative constructions, ʿAtīq classifies the meaning here as al-khabar (declarative statement) rather than as a genuine request that the addressees perform the actions.[24]"
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"arabic": "فَلْيَفْرَحُوا الْيَوْمَ، فَغَدًا يَعْلَمُونَ الْحَقِيقَةَ.",
"english": "\"Let them rejoice today; tomorrow they will know the truth.\"",
"explanation": "The imperative form fal-yafraḥū (\"let them rejoice\") is not intended as a genuine direction to rejoice, but presents their rejoicing as something asserted or anticipated. It therefore illustrates the use of an imperative form with declarative meaning (al-khabar)."
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