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'NEGATE: Negation by Affirmation'. 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If so, Negation by Affirmation may be present.", "examples": "Source Example🔗\n﴿مَا لِلظَّالِمِينَ مِنْ حَمِيمٍ وَلَا شَفِيعٍ يُطَاعُ﴾ (سورة غافر، الآية ١٨)\"The evildoers have no true friend, nor any intercessor who is obeyed.\" (Qur'an 40:18)\nExplanation\nThe apparent wording negates an intercessor who is \"obeyed\" (yuṭāʿ), which on its surface can appear to leave open the existence of other intercessors. The intended meaning, however, is the negation of an intercessor muṭlaqan (\"altogether\").[4][2][5]Source Example🔗\n﴿لَا تُلْهِيهِمْ تِجَارَةٌ وَلَا بَيْعٌ عَنْ ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ﴾ (سورة النور، الآية ٣٧)\"[Men] whom neither trade nor sale distracts from the remembrance of God.\" (Qur'an 24:37)\nExplanation\nAl-Hāshimī explains that negating the distracting effect of trade creates the impression that trade itself is affirmed for them, while the intended meaning also negates the trade itself.[3]Source Example🔗\nأَفْدِي ظِباءَ فَلاةٍ ما عَرَفْنَ بها ... مَضْغَ الكَلامِ ولا صَبْغَ الحَواجِبِوَلا بَرَزْنَ مِنَ الحَمّامِ مائِلَةً ... أَوْراكُهُنَّ صَقيلاتُ العَراقِبِ\"[With my life] I would ransom the desert gazelles who know nothing there of mincing speech or staining eyebrows, nor emerge from the bathhouse swaying, their thighs full and their ankles smooth.\"\nExplanation\nCachia explains that the outward wording denies their emerging from the bathhouse in the condition described, whereas the underlying meaning is that there is no bathhouse there at all.[5]Constructed Example🔗\nلَيْسَ فِي هَذِهِ الْقَرْيَةِ طَبِيبٌ يُعَالِجُ الْفُقَرَاءَ\"There is no doctor in this village who treats the poor.\"\nExplanation\nThe wording explicitly negates only a doctor who treats the poor, which on its surface can appear to leave open the existence of doctors who do not treat the poor. The intended meaning, however, is that there is no doctor in the village at all. This follows the same operation illustrated by the source examples.", "notes": { "technicalNotes": "Cachia translates the device as \"Deceptive Affirmation\".[5] The English label \"Negation by Affirmation\" is used in this encyclopedia as a closer rendering of nafy al-shayʾ bi-ījābihi and to foreground the negating operation represented by the device.\nNo distinct rhetorical effects are explicitly identified in the reviewed sources.\nNo subtypes are attested in the reviewed sources.", "historicalNotes": "ʿAkkāwī records a formulation attributed to Ibn Rashīq al-Qayrawānī in which the device is described more generally as speech whose inner meaning is negation while its outer meaning is affirmation (bāṭinuhu nafyan wa-ẓāhiruhu ījāban).[1]\nAn unnamed group of rhetoricians cited by ʿAkkāwī gives a similarly general formulation.[1]\nʿAkkāwī reports that the formulation attributed to Ibn Ḥajjah al-Ḥamawī was also reproduced in closely similar terms by ʿAbd al-Ghanī al-Nābulsī, Ibn Maʿṣūm al-Madanī, Ibn Abī al-Iṣbaʿ al-Miṣrī, Ibn al-Athīr al-Ḥalabī, al-Nuwayrī, and Jarmānūs Farḥāt.[1]\nCachia records a historical classification disagreement involving a verse by ʿIzz al-Dīn al-Mawṣilī. Because the supplied sources do not provide a sufficiently clear account of the other device involved to establish a structural distinction, this material is retained as a historical note rather than treated as a \"Different From\" comparison.[2][5]" }, "references": [ { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/NEGATE:_Negation_by_Affirmation#cite_note-akkawi-1", "citationNumber": 1, "citationKey": "akkawi", "text": "Inʿām Fawwāl ʿAkkāwī, Al-Muʿjam al-Mufaṣṣal fī ʿUlūm al-Balāgha: Al-Badīʿ wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Maʿānī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1996), 666–667.", "html": "Inʿām Fawwāl ʿAkkāwī, Al-Muʿjam al-Mufaṣṣal fī ʿUlūm al-Balāgha: Al-Badīʿ wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Maʿānī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1996), 666–667.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [], "doi": [], "url": [] }, "links": [] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/NEGATE:_Negation_by_Affirmation#cite_note-cachia-112-2", 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"NEGATE", "entityId": "Q275", "release": "ARDT v0.1.0", "category": "Linguistic Embellishments (‘ilm al-badī‘)", "subcategory": "Persuasive Tricks", "categories": [ "Arabic Rhetorical Devices", "Linguistic Embellishments (‘ilm al-badī‘)", "Persuasive Tricks", "ARDT v0.1.1" ] }, "balagha:device": { "@type": "DefinedTerm", "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q275", "name": "Negation by Affirmation", "alternateName": [ "نفي الشيء بإيجابه", "nafy al-shayʾ bi-ījābihi" ], "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ARDT Device Code", "value": "NEGATE" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "BalaghaBase", "value": "Q275", "url": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q275" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "BALAGHA Score", "value": "CA-5" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "OpenAlex", "value": "W4415405282", "url": "https://openalex.org/works/W4415405282" } ], "balagha:deviceCode": "NEGATE", "balagha:arabicName": "نفي الشيء بإيجابه", "balagha:transliteration": "nafy al-shayʾ bi-ījābihi", "balagha:category": "Linguistic Embellishments (‘ilm al-badī‘)", "balagha:subcategory": "Persuasive Tricks", "balagha:balaghaScore": "CA-5", "balagha:openAlex": "W4415405282", "balagha:sourceCount": 3, "inDefinedTermSet": { "@type": "DefinedTermSet", "name": "ARDT v0.1.0" } }, "balagha:subtypes": [], "balagha:examples": [ { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "NEGATE", "exampleOfName": "Negation by Affirmation", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-akkawi-666-4", "cite_note-cachia-77-en-5" ], "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/NEGATE:_Negation_by_Affirmation#FPAT3", "id": "FPAT3", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/NEGATE:_Negation_by_Affirmation#FPAT3", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q275" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "﴿مَا لِلظَّالِمِينَ مِنْ حَمِيمٍ وَلَا شَفِيعٍ يُطَاعُ﴾ (سورة غافر، الآية ١٨)", "english": "\"The evildoers have no true friend, nor any intercessor who is obeyed.\" (Qur'an 40:18)", "explanation": "The apparent wording negates an intercessor who is \"obeyed\" (yuṭāʿ), which on its surface can appear to leave open the existence of other intercessors. The intended meaning, however, is the negation of an intercessor muṭlaqan (\"altogether\").[4][2][5]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "NEGATE", "exampleOfName": "Negation by Affirmation", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-jawaher-3" ], "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/NEGATE:_Negation_by_Affirmation#PXMQN", "id": "PXMQN", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/NEGATE:_Negation_by_Affirmation#PXMQN", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q275" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "﴿لَا تُلْهِيهِمْ تِجَارَةٌ وَلَا بَيْعٌ عَنْ ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ﴾ (سورة النور، الآية ٣٧)", "english": "\"[Men] whom neither trade nor sale distracts from the remembrance of God.\" (Qur'an 24:37)", "explanation": "Al-Hāshimī explains that negating the distracting effect of trade creates the impression that trade itself is affirmed for them, while the intended meaning also negates the trade itself.[3]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "NEGATE", "exampleOfName": "Negation by Affirmation", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/NEGATE:_Negation_by_Affirmation#D7DDJ", "id": "D7DDJ", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/NEGATE:_Negation_by_Affirmation#D7DDJ", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q275" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "أَفْدِي ظِباءَ فَلاةٍ ما عَرَفْنَ بها ... مَضْغَ الكَلامِ ولا صَبْغَ الحَواجِبِ وَلا بَرَزْنَ مِنَ الحَمّامِ مائِلَةً ... أَوْراكُهُنَّ صَقيلاتُ العَراقِبِ", "english": "\"[With my life] I would ransom the desert gazelles who know nothing there of mincing speech or staining eyebrows, nor emerge from the bathhouse swaying, their thighs full and their ankles smooth.\"", "explanation": "Cachia explains that the outward wording denies their emerging from the bathhouse in the condition described, whereas the underlying meaning is that there is no bathhouse there at all.[5]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "NEGATE", "exampleOfName": "Negation by Affirmation", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/NEGATE:_Negation_by_Affirmation#RLKVH", "id": "RLKVH", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/NEGATE:_Negation_by_Affirmation#RLKVH", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q275" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "لَيْسَ فِي هَذِهِ الْقَرْيَةِ طَبِيبٌ يُعَالِجُ الْفُقَرَاءَ", "english": "\"There is no doctor in this village who treats the poor.\"", "explanation": "The wording explicitly negates only a doctor who treats the poor, which on its surface can appear to leave open the existence of doctors who do not treat the poor. The intended meaning, however, is that there is no doctor in the village at all. This follows the same operation illustrated by the source examples." } ], "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "@id": "https://marathe.org/#mandar", "honorificPrefix": "Dr", "name": "Mandar Marathe", "givenName": "Mandar", "familyName": "Marathe", "alternateName": "Dr Mandar Marathe", "url": "https://marathe.org/", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://marathe.org/" }, "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-6927-6836", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "Google Scholar", "value": "w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "url": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ" } ], "sameAs": [ "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836", "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=38961640000", "https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/GRX-5034-2022", "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mandar_Marathe", "https://independent.academia.edu/MandarMaratheUK", "https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Mandar-Marathe/34623281", "https://arxiv.org/a/marathe_m_1.html", "https://dblp.org/pid/413/7182", "https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/mandar-marathe", "https://www.linkedin.com/in/mandar-marathe-uk/", "https://x.com/DrMMarathe", "https://www.youtube.com/@drmandarmarathe", "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q19", "https://balaghabase.org/wiki/Item:Q19" ], "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "The Arabic Research Institute", "url": "https://arabicresearch.org/" } ], "owns": [ { "@id": "https://marathe.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://rhetorical-density.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://project.balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balagha-corpus.com/#website" } ] } ] }