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"definition": "Paronomasia (al-jinās) is an Arabic rhetorical device involving the occurrence or suggestion of two words that are similar or identical in wording (lafẓ) but different in meaning.[1][2][3][4][5][6] In the later rhetorical tradition, the two components are ordinarily treated as distinct lexical occurrences with distinct meanings; mere lexical polysemy on its own is generally not treated as paronomasia.[7]",
"linguisticOperation": "From the sources\nThe device consists of two components, each of which is a word or expression.[1][2]\nFor complete paronomasia, the two components agree in all four of the following properties: the type of their letters, their number, their vowelisation and consonant-pointing (hayʾāt), and their order.[2][1][5][8]\nDespite this formal similarity, the two components differ in meaning.[1][2][3]\nThe degree of agreement across these four properties determines the subtype: complete agreement across all four produces al-tāmm, while disagreement in one or more produces the various incomplete subtypes.[1][2]",
"recognition": "From the sources\nParonomasia may be present when:\n\nTwo words in close proximity are identical or near-identical in their letters but carry different meanings.[1][2]\nThe similarity between the two words can be analysed along one or more of the four properties: letter type, letter number, vowelisation, and letter order.[2][1]",
"diagnosticCommunicativeEnhancements": "From the sources\nParonomasia gives speech a musical quality by creating a rhythmic balance between the two components, while simultaneously engaging the mind in distinguishing between their meanings.[1]\nThe device produces a pleasing melodic effect in an expression that is consistent with its meaning.[1]\nIt draws the listener toward the speech, since the form appears to repeat while the meaning differs, producing a sense of surprise and wonder.[2]\nIt is considered among the most popular rhetorical figures in Arabic.[3][4]\nIt is most effective when it arises naturally rather than through forced construction, since artificial paronomasia weakens the expression and exposes the speaker to ridicule.[2][7][9]\nForced paronomasia is not merely less effective but actively defective: prioritising verbal form over meaning displaces the word from its natural purpose, and opens the speech to censure and ridicule.[9][7]\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.",
"differentFrom": "Repetition — Repetition involves the recurrence of the same word, expression, or structure with the relevant meaning retained, whereas Paronomasia depends on formal similarity or identity between components that differ in meaning. Where identical wording recurs with a change of meaning, classify the relationship as Paronomasia rather than Repetition.\nPun — Pun (al-tawriya) operates through a single word carrying two possible meanings, of which the near meaning is apparent while the distant meaning is intended. Complete Paronomasia instead involves two distinct lexical occurrences that are identical in form but are each used with a different meaning.\n PALINDR: Palindrome - a special case of al-qalb in which the reversal of letters produces a text that reads meaningfully both forwards and backwards. Al-qalb is the broader category, covering all letter-order reversals whether or not they produce a palindrome.[2]",
"seeAlso": "EVLETTR: Evasive Letterplay\nDisambiguation page for Repetition Devices",
"notes": "The device is called jināsāt because the letters of each component come from a single jins (genus or type), meaning that the two words are built from the same class of sounds.[7]\nThe term jināsāt is also rendered in Arabic as tajnīs and mujānasa. The form jināsāt is preferred in this encyclopedia as it is the most widely attested nominal form across the sources.[4][3]\nNāṣif (2012) defines the device using the term al-nutq (pronunciation) rather than lafẓ (wording), foregrounding phonetic similarity. This encyclopedia follows the majority of sources in using lafẓ.[5]\nThe two components of the device are referred to in the Arabic sources as ruknayn (the two pillars). This encyclopedia uses \"components\" as the English equivalent throughout.[2][1]\nAl-Hāshimī (2019) notes that complete paronomasia (al-tāmm) is rare in classical Arabic literature and is most effective when it arises naturally from the meaning rather than through deliberate construction.[2]\nBettini (2011) notes that definitions and subcategory names for paronomasia vary considerably across authors and periods in the Arabic rhetorical tradition, and that the terminology used by one author may differ from or overlap with that of another.[4] Encyclopedia Interpretation Comparison of the sources used by this encyclopedia indicates that this variation can affect not only the names assigned to subtypes but also the boundaries of the mechanisms denoted by particular names.\nWhen one of the two paronomastic words immediately follows the other, the construction may additionally be referred to as muzdawaj (doubled), mukarrar (repeated), or muraddad (reiterated).[7]\nAtīq (2002) classifies compound paronomasia (jināsāt al-tarkīb) as a subtype of complete paronomasia.[7] Similarly, Nāṣif (2012) places the compound subtypes — which he terms al-mutashābih and al-mafrūq — under complete paronomasia.[5] This encyclopedia adopts al-Hāshimī’s (2019) placing of compound subtypes (al-murakkab and al-mulaffaq) under incomplete paronomasia because the similarity is distributed across multiple words rather than contained in a single word-pair.[2]",
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"arabic": "وَيَوْمَ تَقُومُ السَّاعَةُ يُقْسِمُ الْمُجْرِمُونَ مَا لَبِثُوا غَيْرَ سَاعَةٍ",
"english": "Quran 30:55 \"And on the Day the Hour appears, the criminals will swear they had remained but an hour\"",
"explanation": "The word al-sāʿa appears twice. The first occurrence means the Day of Judgement; the second means a unit of time. Both are nouns, making this an instance of al-muthāl.[2][1][8]"
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"arabic": "لَمْ نَلْقَ غَيْرَكَ إِنْسَاناً يُلَاذُ بِهِ — فَلَا بَرِحْتَ لِعَيْنِ الدَّهْرِ إِنْسَانَا",
"english": "\"We have found none but you, a human being to seek refuge with — may you remain forever the pupil of time's eye\"",
"explanation": "insānan in the first hemistich means \"a human being\"; insānā in the second means \"the pupil of the eye\" (insān al-ʿayn, the reflection of a person seen in another's eye). Both are nouns and the wording is identical while the meanings differ, making this an instance of al-mutamāthil.[5]"
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"arabic": "سَأَلَ القَاضِي عَنِ العَيْنِ، فَقَالَ الشَّاهِدُ: رَأَيْتُ العَيْنَ عِنْدَ النَّهْرِ",
"english": "\"The judge asked about the spy, and the witness said: I saw the spring by the river\"",
"explanation": "al-ʿayn appears twice. The first occurrence means \"spy\"; the second means \"spring\" or \"water-source.\" Both are nouns and the wording is identical while the meanings differ, making this an instance of al-muthāl."
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"arabic": "مَا مَاتَ مِنْ كَرَمِ الزَّمَانِ فَإِنَّهُ يَحْيَا لَدَى يَحْيَى بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ",
"english": "\"What dies through the meanness of time lives again with Yaḥyā ibn ʿAbdallāh\"",
"explanation": "The first yaḥyā is a present-tense verb meaning \"lives\"; the second Yaḥyā is a proper noun, the name of the person being praised. The two components are identical in all four properties but belong to different grammatical categories, making this an instance of al-mustawfī.[2][12]"
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"arabic": "فَدَارِهِمْ مَا دُمْتَ فِي دَارِهِمْ — وَأَرْضِهِمْ مَا دُمْتَ فِي أَرْضِهِمْ",
"english": "\"Flatter them for as long as you dwell in their house — and please them for as long as you dwell in their land\"",
"explanation": "In each hemistich, the first dārihim is a present-tense verb meaning \"flatter them\" or \"manage them\"; the second dārihim is a noun meaning \"their house.\" The two components are identical in wording but belong to different grammatical categories, making this an instance of al-mustawfī.[5]"
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "يَزِيدُ الفَضْلُ بِالعَطَاءِ، وَيَزِيدُ أَكْرَمُ النَّاسِ",
"english": "\"Virtue increases through giving, and Yazīd is the most generous of people\"",
"explanation": "The first yazīdu is a present-tense verb meaning \"increases\"; the second Yazīd is a proper noun. The two components are identical in wording but belong to different grammatical categories, making this an instance of al-mustawfī."
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"arabic": "جَدِّي جَهْدِي",
"english": "\"My endeavour is my effort\"",
"explanation": "jaddī means \"my endeavour\" or \"my seriousness\"; jahdī means \"my effort.\" The second component has an additional letter (هـ) in its middle, making this an instance of al-nāqiṣ with the additional letter in the middle.[2]"
},
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "الهَوَى مَطِيَّةُ الهَوَان",
"english": "\"Desire is the mount of degradation\"",
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "إِنْ كَانَ فِرَاقُنَا مَعَ الصُّبْحِ بَدَا — لَا أَسْفَرَ بَعْدَ ذَاكَ صُبْحٌ أَبَدَا",
"english": "\"If our parting appeared with the dawn — may no dawn ever break again after that\"",
"explanation": "al-ṣubḥi means \"the dawn\"; ṣubḥun means \"a dawn.\" The first component has an additional letter (ا) at its beginning (the definite article), making this an instance of al-nāqiṣ with the additional letter at the beginning.[5]"
},
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"id": "PPLUKCK",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PARONOM:_Paronomasia#PPLUKCK",
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "يَمُدُّونَ مِنْ أَيْدٍ عَوَاصٍ عَوَاصِمَ — تَصُولُ بِأَسْيَافٍ قَوَاضٍ قَوَاضِبَ",
"english": "\"They extend arms that are restraining, protecting — striking with swords that are cutting, keen-edged\"",
"explanation": "ʿawāṣin means \"restraining\"; ʿawāṣima means \"protecting.\" Similarly, qawāḍin means \"cutting\"; qawāḍiba means \"keen-edged.\" In each pair the second component has an additional letter (م and ب respectively) at its end, making these instances of al-nāqiṣ with the additional letter at the end.[5]"
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"arabic": "جُبَّةُ البُرْدِ جُنَّةُ البَرْدِ",
"english": "\"The cloak of the robe is a shield against the cold\"",
"explanation": "al-burd means \"the robe\" or \"the garment\"; al-bard means \"the cold.\" The two words share the same consonantal skeleton (ب-ر-د) and letter order but differ in the vowelisation of their first letter (ḍamma vs. fatḥa), illustrating the short vowel variant of al-muḥarraf.[2]"
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "قِدْر / قَدَر",
"english": "\"cooking pot\" / \"fate\"",
"explanation": "qidr means \"cooking pot\"; qadar means \"fate\" or \"destiny.\" The two words share the same consonantal skeleton (ق-د-ر) but differ in both their vowelisation and the presence of sukūn on the second letter of the first word, illustrating the sukūn variant of al-muḥarraf.[15]"
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"arabic": "الحِلْمُ زَيْنُ العَقْلِ، وَالحُلْمُ صُورَةٌ فِي النَّوْمِ",
"english": "\"Forbearance is the ornament of the mind, and a dream is an image in sleep\"",
"explanation": "al-ḥilm means \"forbearance\"; al-ḥulm means \"dream.\" The two words share the same consonantal skeleton (ح-ل-م) and letter order but differ in the vowelisation of the first letter (kasra vs. ḍamma), making this an instance of al-muḥarraf."
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "لَيْلٌ دَامِسٌ وَطَرِيقٌ طَامِسٌ",
"english": "\"A pitch-dark night and a road without signs\"",
"explanation": "dāmis means \"pitch-dark\"; ṭāmis means \"without signs\" or \"obliterated.\" The two words differ only in their first letter: د and ط respectively. Both letters share a similar point of articulation as dental and emphatic dental sounds, making this an instance of al-muḍāriʿ with the differing letter at the beginning.[2]"
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"arabic": "وَهُمْ يَنْهَوْنَ عَنْهُ وَيَنْأَوْنَ عَنْهُ",
"english": "Quran 6:26 \"And they forbid others from it and themselves keep away from it\"",
"explanation": "yanhawna means \"they forbid\"; yanʾawna means \"they keep away.\" The two words differ only in their third letter: هـ and ء respectively. Both letters share the same point of articulation, namely the glottis, making this an instance of al-muḍāriʿ with the differing letter in the middle.[2][1]"
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"arabic": "الخَيْلُ مَعْقُودٌ فِي نَوَاصِيهَا الخَيْرُ إِلَى يَوْمِ القِيَامَةِ",
"english": "\"Goodness is tied to the forelocks of horses until the Day of Judgement\" (Hadith)",
"explanation": "al-khayl means \"horses\"; al-khayr means \"goodness.\" The two words differ only in their final letter: ل and ر respectively. Both letters share a similar point of articulation as liquid consonants, making this an instance of al-muḍāriʿ with the differing letter at the end.[2]"
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"arabic": "وَيْلٌ لِكُلِّ هُمَزَةٍ لُمَزَةٍ",
"english": "Quran 104:1 \"Woe to every scorner and mocker\"",
"explanation": "humaza means \"scorner\"; lumaza means \"mocker.\" The two words differ only in their first letter: هـ and ل respectively. These two letters have different points of articulation — هـ is a glottal sound while ل is an alveolar lateral — making this an instance of al-lāḥiq with the differing letter at the beginning.[2][15]"
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"arabic": "وَإِنَّهُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ لَشَهِيدٌ وَإِنَّهُ لِحُبِّ الْخَيْرِ لَشَدِيدٌ",
"english": "Quran 100:7-8 \"And indeed, he is a witness to that. And indeed, he is intense in his love of wealth\"",
"explanation": "shahīd means \"a witness\"; shadīd means \"intense.\" The two words differ only in their second letter: هـ and د respectively. These two letters have different points of articulation — هـ is a glottal sound while د is an alveolar stop — making this an instance of al-lāḥiq with the differing letter in the middle.[2][15]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "PARONOM",
"exampleOfName": "Paronomasia",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-hashimi-2"
],
"id": "BQG594P",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PARONOM:_Paronomasia#BQG594P",
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "وَإِذَا جَاءَهُمْ أَمْرٌ مِنَ الْأَمْنِ أَوِ الْخَوْفِ أَذَاعُوا بِهِ",
"english": "Quran 4:83 \"And when there comes to them a matter of security or fear, they spread it abroad\"",
"explanation": "al-amr means \"a matter\"; al-amn means \"security.\" The two words differ only in their final letter: ر and ن respectively. These two letters have different points of articulation — ر is an alveolar trill while ن is an alveolar nasal — making this an instance of al-lāḥiq with the differing letter at the end.[2]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "PARONOM",
"exampleOfName": "Paronomasia",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-hashimi-2"
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"id": "VXP9ZKG",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PARONOM:_Paronomasia#VXP9ZKG",
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "وُجُوهٌ يَوْمَئِذٍ نَاضِرَةٌ إِلَى رَبِّهَا نَاظِرَةٌ",
"english": "Quran 75:22-23 \"Faces that Day will be radiant, looking at their Lord\"",
"explanation": "nāḍira means \"radiant\" or \"bright\"; nāẓira means \"looking.\" The two words share an identical consonantal skeleton but differ in the dotting of their third letter: ض (with dots below) vs. ظ (with a dot above), making this an instance of al-muṣaḥḥaf.[2]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "PARONOM",
"exampleOfName": "Paronomasia",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-hashimi-2"
],
"id": "D2SYDMN",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PARONOM:_Paronomasia#D2SYDMN",
"exampleOfEntity": {
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "غَرَّكَ عِزُّكَ فَصَارَ قَصَارَى ذَلِكَ ذُلُّكَ",
"english": "\"Your glory deceived you, and the outcome of that is your humiliation\"",
"explanation": "gharra means \"deceived\"; ʿizza means \"glory.\" dhālika means \"that\"; dhulluka means \"your humiliation.\" Each pair shares an identical consonantal skeleton but differs in diacritical dotting, illustrating how al-muṣaḥḥaf can operate across multiple word pairs within a single passage.[2]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "PARONOM",
"exampleOfName": "Paronomasia",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-hashimi-2"
],
"id": "CKL6D4G",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PARONOM:_Paronomasia#CKL6D4G",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q66"
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "حُسَامُهُ فَتْحٌ لِأَوْلِيَائِهِ وَحَتْفٌ لِأَعْدَائِهِ",
"english": "\"His sword is a conquest for his allies and destruction for his enemies\"",
"explanation": "fatḥ means \"conquest\" or \"opening\"; ḥatf means \"destruction\" or \"death.\" The two words consist of exactly the same letters (ف-ت-ح / ح-ت-ف) but in reverse order, making this an instance of total al-qalb.[2][18]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "PARONOM",
"exampleOfName": "Paronomasia",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-hashimi-2",
"cite_note-akkawi1-18"
],
"id": "4ZDPVF3",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PARONOM:_Paronomasia#4ZDPVF3",
"exampleOfEntity": {
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "اللَّهُمَّ اسْتُرْ عَوْرَاتِنَا وَآمِنْ رَوْعَاتِنَا",
"english": "\"O God, conceal our faults and calm our fears\" (Hadith)",
"explanation": "ʿawrāt means \"faults\" or \"private matters\"; rawʿāt means \"fears.\" The first three letters of each word are partially reversed (ع-و-ر / ر-و-ع), making this an instance of partial al-qalb.[2][18]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "PARONOM",
"exampleOfName": "Paronomasia",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-nasif-5"
],
"id": "N2A5JE4",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PARONOM:_Paronomasia#N2A5JE4",
"exampleOfEntity": {
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "كَنِيل — وَلِين — سَاقَ وَقَاسَ",
"english": "\"Nile\" / \"be gentle\" — \"gentle\" / (its reversal) — \"drove\" / \"measured\"",
"explanation": "Each pair consists of the same letters in reversed order: kanīl and lakan; walīn and its reversal; sāqa (\"drove\") and qāsa (\"measured\"). Each is an instance of total al-qalb.[5]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "PARONOM",
"exampleOfName": "Paronomasia",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-hashimi-2",
"cite_note-nasif-5",
"cite_note-cachia28-22"
],
"id": "NA6RDCL",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PARONOM:_Paronomasia#NA6RDCL",
"exampleOfEntity": {
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "إِذَا مَلِكٌ لَمْ يَكُنْ ذَا هِبَهْ فَدَعْهُ فَدَوْلَتُهُ ذَاهِبَهْ",
"english": "\"If a king has no gift to give, leave him — for his reign is departing\"",
"explanation": "dhā hiba is a two-word expression meaning \"having a gift\"; dhāhiba is a single word meaning \"departing.\" When the two words of the first expression are pronounced together they sound identical to the single word of the second, making this an instance of al-murakkab.[2][5][22]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "PARONOM",
"exampleOfName": "Paronomasia",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-hashimi-2",
"cite_note-nasif-5"
],
"id": "UM7JB83",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PARONOM:_Paronomasia#UM7JB83",
"exampleOfEntity": {
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "وَلِيتَ الحُكْمَ خَمْساً وَهْيَ خَمْسٌ لَعَمْرِي وَالصِّبَا فِي العُنْفُوَانِ — فَلَمْ تَضَعِ الأَعَادِي قَدْرَ شَانِي وَلَا قَالُوا فُلَانٌ قَدْ رَشَانِي",
"english": "\"You ruled for five years while they were five — by my life, and youth was in its prime. The enemies did not diminish my standing, nor did they say: so-and-so has bribed me\"",
"explanation": "qadra shānī is a two-word expression meaning \"my standing\"; qad rashānī is a two-word expression meaning \"has bribed me.\" When each pair of words is pronounced together the two expressions sound identical, making this an instance of al-mulaffaq.[2][5]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "PARONOM",
"exampleOfName": "Paronomasia",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-hashimi-2",
"cite_note-nasif-5"
],
"id": "3HUX3JV",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PARONOM:_Paronomasia#3HUX3JV",
"exampleOfEntity": {
"@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q66"
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "لَا أَعْبُدُ مَا تَعْبُدُونَ وَلَا أَنْتُمْ عَابِدُونَ مَا أَعْبُدُ",
"english": "Quran 109:2-3 \"I do not worship what you worship, nor do you worship what I worship\"",
"explanation": "aʿbudu is a present-tense verb meaning \"I worship\"; taʿbudūna is a present-tense verb meaning \"you worship\"; ʿābidūna is an active participle meaning \"worshippers.\" All three forms are derived from the same root ع-ب-د, making this an instance of al-ishtiqāq.[2][1]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "PARONOM",
"exampleOfName": "Paronomasia",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-hashimi-2"
],
"id": "BGCRFUC",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PARONOM:_Paronomasia#BGCRFUC",
"exampleOfEntity": {
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "بِحَوَافِرِ حُفْرٍ وَصُلْبِ صُلْبٍ وَأَشَاعِرِ شِعْرٍ وَخَلْقٍ أَخْلَق",
"english": "\"With the hooves of diggers, and the hardness of a spine, and the hair of poetry, and a creation most fitting\"",
"explanation": "Each pair of words in this passage — ḥawāfir/ḥufr, ṣulb/ṣulb, ashāʿir/shiʿr, khalq/akhlaq — shares a common root, illustrating how al-ishtiqāq can operate across multiple word pairs within a single passage.[2]"
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "PARONOM",
"exampleOfName": "Paronomasia",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-hashimi-2"
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"id": "KUE7G84",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PARONOM:_Paronomasia#KUE7G84",
"exampleOfEntity": {
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "مُنَعَّمُ الجِسْمِ تَحْكِي الماءَ رِقَّتُهُ وَقَلْبُهُ قَسْوَةً يَحْكِي أَبَا أَوْسِ",
"english": "\"Soft of body, his delicacy resembles water, yet his heart in its hardness resembles the father of Aws\"",
"explanation": "The stated component is abī Aws — a reference to a well-known poet whose father's name was Ḥajar. The mention of the father of Aws brings to mind the name Ḥajar, which also means \"stone\" in Arabic. The implied word Ḥajar is not stated but is activated by the reference, and it is the word \"stone\" rather than the proper name that is intended, making this an instance of al-iḍmār.[2]"
},
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"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "PARONOM",
"exampleOfName": "Paronomasia",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-hashimi-2",
"cite_note-cachia50-25"
],
"id": "BBMN7LP",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PARONOM:_Paronomasia#BBMN7LP",
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "يَا حَمْزَةُ اسْمَحْ بِوَصْلٍ وَامْنُنْ عَلَيْنَا بِقُرْبِ — فِي ثَغْرِكَ اسْمُكَ أَضْحَى مُصَحَّفاً وَبِقَلْبِي",
"english": "\"O Ḥamza, grant us union and favour us with nearness — your name in your smile has become dotted differently, and in my heart\"",
"explanation": "The stated component is Ḥamza, a proper name. The poet indicates that the name, when its diacritical dots are rearranged (muṣaḥḥaf), yields khamra (wine) in the smile, and jamra (ember) in the heart. Neither khamra nor jamra is stated; both are only indicated, making this an instance of al-ishāra.[2][25]"
}
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"honorificPrefix": "Dr",
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"alternateName": "Dr Mandar Marathe",
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