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Because the excepted item is normally a member of the negated class, the listener expects the exception to introduce a fault. Instead, the excepted item is a praiseworthy quality.[1][3][4]\nIn the second type, the speaker affirms a praiseworthy attribute of the subject, then introduces an exception particle, leading the listener to expect a qualification or limitation of that praise. Instead, the excepted item is a further praiseworthy quality.[1][3][2]\nFaḍl Ḥasan ʿAbbās (2007) explains that the first type works on two levels simultaneously: it functions as evidence and proof (bayyina wa-burhān) that no fault exists, and it exploits the structural logic of the connected exception (al-istithnaʾ al-ittiṣālī), by which the excepted item is understood as nominally belonging to the negated class — making the praise doubly effective.[3]\nIn the second type, Faḍl Ḥasan ʿAbbās (2007) notes that the exception particle operates in the sense of disconnected exception (al-istithnaʾ al-munqaṭiʿ), since there is no general negated category into which the praised attribute could be estimated to enter. The reinforcement of praise comes solely through the second mechanism — the overturning of the listener's expectation.[3]\nThe exception particle in either type may be illā, ghayr, sawā, or bayd; in the second type, lākin (for istidraʾk) may also function in place of an exception particle.[2][3][6]", "recognition": "Encyclopedia Interpretation\nThe following diagnostic tests aid identification:\n\nIs an exception particle (illā, ghayr, sawā, bayd, or lākin) present?\nDoes the construction preceding the exception particle either (a) negate a fault of the subject, or (b) affirm a praiseworthy quality of the subject?\nDoes the material following the exception particle, on reflection, constitute a praiseworthy rather than a blameworthy quality?\nIf all three conditions are met, the figure of taʾkīd al-madḥ bi-mā yushbih al-dhamm is likely present.", "diagnosticCommunicativeEnhancements": "From the sources\nʿAbd al-Ghānī (2011) explicitly lists the following effects, which overlap with ʿAtīq’s (2002) explanation of the figure’s rhetorical benefit:[4][1]\n\nAlerting the addressee (tanbīh al-mukhaṭab): the apparent dispraise construction arrests the listener's attention.\nAwakening the intellect (īqāẓ al-dhihn): the listener is made to work through the apparent paradox.\nEngaging the mind to convey meaning attractively (iʿmāl al-ʿaql li-irsāl al-maʿnā bi-ṭarīqa jadhdhāba): the praise reaches the listener by an unexpected route, making it more memorable.\nProducing delight (tudkhil al-surūr fī al-nafs): the pleasant surprise of finding praise where dispraise was expected generates pleasure.\nDispelling tedium (tadfaʿ al-malal): the figure enlivens praise that might otherwise sound routine.\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.", "notes": "The English rendering \"affirmed praise\" is an editorial translation of taʾkīd al-madḥ bi-mā yushbih al-dhamm. Hussein Abdul-Raof (2006) uses the term \"Asteism\" for the figure,[8] and W. P. Heinrichs (1998) retains the Arabic name in transliteration.[7] Neither source provides a standard English equivalent.\nThe Arabic term fululun in the canonical al-Nābigha verse means notches or nicks in a sword blade caused by striking armour or weapons in battle. Faḍl Ḥasan ʿAbbās (2007) glosses it as جمع فَلّ, meaning a notch produced when a sword blade strikes another hard surface.[3] Al-Hāshimī (2019) glosses it similarly.[2]\nThe term bayd functioning as an exception particle (in the sense of ghayr) is attested in the hadith \"أنا أفصح العرب بيد أني من قريش\". Faḍl Ḥasan ʿAbbās (2007) and ʿAkkāwī (1996) both note its function in the second type of this figure.[3][6]\nʿAkkāwī (1996) also reports a third form in which the exception particle appears in a disconnected or parenthetical relation (mufarraʿan), as in the Quranic example wa-mā tanqimūna minnā illā an āmannā.[6] (also cited as a Type 1 example above).", "differentFrom": "DSPRAIS: Affirmed Dispraise - the structural converse of this rhetorical device, in which a subject is dispraised by means of an exception construction that superficially resembles praise but conveys a further blameworthy quality.[4][1][3]", "references": [ { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PRAISE:_Affirmed_Praise#cite_note-atiq2-1", "citationNumber": 1, "citationKey": "atiq2", "text": "ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Atīq, ʿIlm al-Badīʿ (Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍa al-ʿArabiyya lil-Ṭibāʿa wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʿ, 2002), 164–169.", "html": "ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Atīq, ʿIlm al-Badīʿ (Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍa al-ʿArabiyya lil-Ṭibāʿa wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʿ, 2002), 164–169.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [], "doi": [], "url": [] }, "links": [] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PRAISE:_Affirmed_Praise#cite_note-jawaher-2", "citationNumber": 2, "citationKey": "jawaher", "text": "Aḥmad al-Hāshimī, Jawāhir al-Balāgha fī al-Maʿānī wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ (Windsor: Hindāwī Foundation, 2019), 377–378, ISBN 9781527316386.", "html": "Aḥmad al-Hāshimī, Jawāhir al-Balāgha fī al-Maʿānī wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ (Windsor: Hindāwī Foundation, 2019), 377–378, ISBN 9781527316386.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [ "9781527316386" ], "doi": [], "url": [ "https://www.hindawi.org/books/85925824/3.1/", "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527316386" ] }, "links": [ { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "Jawāhir al-Balāgha fī al-Maʿānī wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ", "url": "https://www.hindawi.org/books/85925824/3.1/", "rel": "nofollow", "kind": "external" }, { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "ISBN 9781527316386", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527316386", "kind": "internal" } ] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PRAISE:_Affirmed_Praise#cite_note-funun2-3", "citationNumber": 3, "citationKey": "funun2", "text": "Faḍl Ḥasan ʿAbbās, Al-Balāgha: Funūnuhā wa-Afnānuhā - 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Page created: Affirmed Praise.", "html": "2024-04-22 - Page created: Affirmed Praise.", "targets": [ { "@type": "balagha:HistoryTarget", "name": "Affirmed Praise", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/2683", "title": "Special:PermanentLink/2683", "mediaWikiPermanentRevisionId": "2683", "kind": "internal" } ] } ] }, "balagha:taxonomy": { "@type": "balagha:TaxonomyRecord", "deviceCode": "PRAISE", "entityId": "Q113", "release": "ARDT v0.1.0", "category": "Linguistic Embellishments (‘ilm al-badī‘)", "subcategory": "Persuasive Tricks", "categories": [ "Arabic Rhetorical Devices", "Linguistic Embellishments (‘ilm al-badī‘)", "Persuasive Tricks", "ARDT v0.1.1" ] }, "balagha:device": { "@type": "DefinedTerm", "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q113", "name": "Affirmed Praise", "alternateName": [ "تأكيد المدح بما يُشبه الذم", "taʾkīd al-madḥ bi-mā yushbihu al-dhamm" ], "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ARDT Device Code", "value": "PRAISE" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "BalaghaBase", "value": "Q113", "url": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q113" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "BALAGHA Score", "value": "CE-17" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "OpenAlex", "value": "W4415413231", "url": "https://openalex.org/works/W4415413231" } ], "balagha:deviceCode": "PRAISE", "balagha:arabicName": "تأكيد المدح بما يُشبه الذم", "balagha:transliteration": "taʾkīd al-madḥ bi-mā yushbihu al-dhamm", "balagha:category": "Linguistic Embellishments (‘ilm al-badī‘)", "balagha:subcategory": "Persuasive Tricks", "balagha:balaghaScore": "CE-17", "balagha:openAlex": "W4415413231", "balagha:sourceCount": 8, "inDefinedTermSet": { "@type": "DefinedTermSet", "name": "ARDT v0.1.0" } }, "balagha:subtypes": [], "balagha:examples": [ { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "PRAISE", "exampleOfName": "Affirmed Praise", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-akkawi-6", "cite_note-rf-7", "cite_note-funun2-3", "cite_note-ghani-4", "cite_note-nasif-5" ], "id": "ACBCC", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PRAISE:_Affirmed_Praise#ACBCC", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q113" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "وَلَا عَيْبَ فِيهِمْ غَيْرَ أَنَّ سُيُوفَهُمْ بِهِنَّ فُلُولٌ مِنْ قِرَاعِ الْكَتَائِبِ", "english": "\"There is no fault in them, except that their swords have notches from striking [enemy] squadrons.\"", "explanation": "The poet al-Nābigha al-Dhubyānī negates any fault of his subjects (lā ʿayba fīhim). The exception particle ghayr leads the listener to expect a genuine fault. Instead, the excepted quality — that their swords are notched from battle — is not a fault at all, but proof of their courage and fighting prowess. The praise is thereby reinforced.[6][7][3][4][5]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "PRAISE", "exampleOfName": "Affirmed Praise", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-ghani-4", "cite_note-funun2-3" ], "id": "A8CTA", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PRAISE:_Affirmed_Praise#A8CTA", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q113" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "وَمَا تَنقِمُونَ مِنَّا إِلَّا أَن آمَنَّا بِآيَاتِ رَبِّنَا لَمَّا جَاءَتْنَا", "english": "\"You resent us for nothing except that we believed in the signs of our Lord when they came to us.\" (al-Aʿrāf 7:126)", "explanation": "The sorcerers address Pharaoh: the only thing he can hold against them (a negation of genuine fault) is their belief in God's signs — which is not a fault but the source of all merit.[4][3]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "PRAISE", "exampleOfName": "Affirmed Praise", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-ghani-4" ], "id": "HNUT7", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PRAISE:_Affirmed_Praise#HNUT7", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q113" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "لَا يَسْمَعُونَ فِيهَا لَغْوًا وَلَا تَأْثِيمًا ۝ إِلَّا قِيلًا سَلَامًا سَلَامًا", "english": "\"They will hear therein no idle talk and no sinful speech — only the saying: 'Peace, peace.'\" (al-Wāqiʿa 56:25–26)", "explanation": "The negation of idle talk and sin is followed by an exception — but what follows is the greeting of peace from the angels, a further quality of Paradise, not a fault.[4]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "PRAISE", "exampleOfName": "Affirmed Praise", "id": "U9AKZ", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PRAISE:_Affirmed_Praise#U9AKZ", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q113" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "لَا عَيْبَ فِي هَذَا الطَّالِبِ غَيْرَ أَنَّهُ لَا يَكُفُّ عَنِ السُّؤَالِ حَتَّى يَبْلُغَ حَقِيقَةَ الأَمْرِ.", "english": "\"There is no fault in this student, except that he never stops questioning until he reaches the heart of the matter.\"", "explanation": "The speaker negates any fault of the student. The exception particle ghayr leads the listener to expect a genuine shortcoming. Instead, the excepted quality — his relentless pursuit of understanding — is itself a mark of intellectual rigour, not a fault. The structure follows Type 1: a negated dispraise attribute, with the exception introducing praise." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "PRAISE", "exampleOfName": "Affirmed Praise", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-akkawi-6", "cite_note-ghani-4", "cite_note-funun2-3", "cite_note-nasif-5" ], "id": "6EDAZ", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PRAISE:_Affirmed_Praise#6EDAZ", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q113" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "فَتًى كَمُلَتْ أَوْصَافُهُ غَيْرَ أَنَّهُ جَوَادٌ فَمَا يُبْقِي مِنَ الْمَالِ بَاقِيًا", "english": "\"A young man whose qualities are complete, except that he is so generous he keeps nothing of his wealth.\"", "explanation": "The speaker affirms the young man's complete virtues. The exception particle ghayr annahu leads the listener to expect a qualification of those virtues. Instead the \"exception\" — his extraordinary generosity — is itself a further praiseworthy quality. The verse is attributed to al-Nābigha al-Jaʿdī.[6][4][3][5]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "PRAISE", "exampleOfName": "Affirmed Praise", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-funun2-3", "cite_note-akkawi-6" ], "id": "VQV79", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PRAISE:_Affirmed_Praise#VQV79", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q113" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "أَنَا أَفْصَحُ العَرَبِ بَيْدَ أَنِّي مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ", "english": "\"I am the most eloquent of the Arabs, except that I am from Quraysh.\"", "explanation": "The Prophet ﷺ affirms his own eloquence. The exception particle bayd annī leads the listener to expect a qualification. Instead, being from Quraysh — the tribe renowned for the purest Arabic speech — is itself a further mark of eloquence and nobility, not a limitation.[3][6]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "PRAISE", "exampleOfName": "Affirmed Praise", "id": "8MG98", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PRAISE:_Affirmed_Praise#8MG98", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q113" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "هِيَ كَاتِبَةٌ مُتَمَكِّنَةٌ مِنْ أُسْلُوبِهَا، غَيْرَ أَنَّهَا تُمْضِي سَنَوَاتٍ فِي صَقْلِ كُلِّ عَمَلٍ قَبْلَ نَشْرِهِ.", "english": "\"She is a writer with complete command of her style, except that she spends years refining every work before publishing it.\"", "explanation": "The speaker affirms the writer's mastery of her craft. The exception particle ghayr annahā leads the listener to expect a qualification of that mastery. Instead, the excepted quality — her painstaking care before publication — is itself a further praiseworthy attribute. The structure follows Type 2: an affirmed praise attribute, with the exception introducing additional praise." } ], "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "@id": "https://marathe.org/#mandar", "honorificPrefix": "Dr", "name": "Mandar Marathe", "givenName": "Mandar", "familyName": "Marathe", "alternateName": "Dr Mandar Marathe", "url": "https://marathe.org/", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://marathe.org/" }, "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-6927-6836", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "Google Scholar", "value": "w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "url": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ" } ], "sameAs": [ "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836", "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=38961640000", "https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/GRX-5034-2022", "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mandar_Marathe", "https://independent.academia.edu/MandarMaratheUK", "https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Mandar-Marathe/34623281", "https://arxiv.org/a/marathe_m_1.html", "https://dblp.org/pid/413/7182", "https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/mandar-marathe", "https://www.linkedin.com/in/mandar-marathe-uk/", "https://x.com/DrMMarathe", "https://www.youtube.com/@drmandarmarathe", "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q19", "https://balaghabase.org/wiki/Item:Q19" ], "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "The Arabic Research Institute", "url": "https://arabicresearch.org/" } ], "owns": [ { "@id": "https://marathe.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://rhetorical-density.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://project.balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balagha-corpus.com/#website" } ] } ] }