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If two or more units are equal in length and weight but do not share a rhyme letter, al-izdiwāj is the more likely identification over sajʿ.\nIf the units share end-rhyme and the rhetorical force depends primarily on terminal rhyme correspondence, sajʿ may be the more precise identification.\nStructural or grammatical parallelism often accompanies al-izdiwāj and may help produce rhythmic equality, but the classical criterion remains equality of weight.", "diagnosticCommunicativeEnhancements": "From the sources\nIt delights the soul (yusʿidu al-nafs).[2]\nIt pleases the ear (yuṭribu al-udhun).[2]\nIt fills the soul with joy and pleasure (yamlaʾu al-nafs bahja wa-mutʿa).[2]\nIt gives a musical resonance that captures both hearing and understanding (yaʿṭī jarsan mūsīqiyyan yaʾkhudhū bi-al-asmāʿ wa-al-afhām).[2]\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.", "examples": "Source Example🔗\nمَنْ جَدَّ وَجَدَ، وَمَنْ لَجَّ وَلَجَ\"Whoever strives, finds; and whoever persists, enters.\"\nExplanation\nThe two adjacent expressions are of the same kind and weight, illustrating al-Hāshimī's formulation of al-izdiwāj as the formal resemblance of two adjacent expressions.[1]Source Example🔗\nيَتَقَارَبُ الزَّمَانُ، وَيَنْقُصُ الْعَمَلُ، وَيُلْقَى الشُّحُّ، وَيَكْثُرُ الْهَرْجُ\"Time draws near, deeds diminish, miserliness is cast [into hearts], and killing increases.\"— The Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ, as reported by Abū Hurayra (al-Bukhārī)\nExplanation\nAl-Ghānī analyses the four clauses as equal in rhythmic weight (mutasāwiyatān fī al-wazn), producing balance that delights the ear and elevates the soul.[2]\n\nSource Example🔗\n﴿ إِنَّ الْأَبْرَارَ لَفِي نَعِيمٍ ۝ وَإِنَّ الْفُجَّارَ لَفِي جَحِيمٍ ﴾\"Indeed the righteous will be in bliss, and indeed the wicked will be in Hellfire.\"— Qurʾān 82:13–14\nExplanation\nAl-Ghānī analyses the two verses as equal in rhythmic weight, with the additional effect of opposition (muqābala) between الأبرار and الفجار enhancing the rhetorical effect.[2] The opposition is incidental to the device rather than constitutive of it.\n\nSource Example🔗\nإِذَا حَدَّثَ كَذَبَ، وَإِذَا وَعَدَ أَخْلَفَ، وَإِذَا اؤْتُمِنَ خَانَ\"When he speaks, he lies; when he promises, he breaks his word; when he is trusted, he betrays.\"— The Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ, as reported by Abū Hurayra (al-Bukhārī)\nExplanation\nThree clauses of equal rhythmic weight, each built on an إِذَا + verb condition followed by a verb response. Al-Ghānī analyses them as mutually equal in weight.[2]Source Example🔗\nالدُّنْيَا إِمَّا نِقْمَةٌ نَازِلَةٌ، وَإِمَّا نِعْمَةٌ زَائِلَةٌ\"The world is either an affliction descending, or a blessing passing away.\"\nExplanation\nA saying attributed to some of the sages.[2] Two clauses of equal weight with oppositional pairing (muqābala); the rhyming clause-endings (نَازِلَةٌ / زَائِلَةٌ) are present but incidental to the identification as al-izdiwāj.\n\nConstructed Example🔗\nالْعِلْمُ يَرْفَعُ الْأَقْدَارَ، وَالْجَهْلُ يَضَعُ الْأَحْرَارَ\"Knowledge raises the standing of men, and ignorance lowers the free.\"\nExplanation\nTwo clauses of equal rhythmic weight (mutasāwiyatān fī al-wazn), each consisting of a subject, verb, and object of equivalent measure. The clause-endings rhyme on ـدَار / ـحْرَار, and the pairing of al-ʿilm against al-jahl and yarfaʿu against yaḍaʿu introduces opposition (muqābala), though this is incidental to the device rather than definitive of it.", "differentFrom": "From the sources\nRHYMED: Rhymed prose: Al-Ghānī explicitly states that Proportioning may occur with rhymed or unrhymed clauses, whereas Rhymed prose is defined through rhyme correspondence at the clause endings.[2][5]\n\nTarṣīʿ: al-tarṣīʿ requires balanced wording together with corresponding or closely corresponding endings.[6] By contrast, Proportioning requires equality or near-equality in rhythmic weight, while rhyme correspondence is not obligatory.[2][3]\n\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nWhere clause-endings happen to rhyme in an instance of Proportioning, both devices may be identified simultaneously.\nCompound DevicesBalanced Genre Shifting (al-tafwīf)Encyclopedia Interpretation -> Compound Device\nIn classical Arabic rhetoric, al-tafwīf is a device in which the communicator expresses a succession of different meanings or rhetorical purposes — such as praise, love poetry, or other poetic purposes — placing each purpose in a separate clause while maintaining equality in rhythmic weight between the clauses.[7] The Encyclopedia analyses this as a compound configuration of Genre Shifting and Proportioning.\nLinguistic operations\nThe discourse moves between distinct meanings or rhetorical purposes, corresponding to Genre Shifting.\nThe different purposes are expressed in separate clauses whose wording is balanced in rhythmic weight, corresponding to Proportioning.\nValidity conditionThe presence of multiple rhetorical purposes alone is insufficient for al-tafwīf in Cachia's formulation: the purposes are distributed across separate clauses and the clauses are balanced in weight.[7]Relationship to ProportioningProportioning supplies the rhythmic-balancing component of the compound construction, while the succession of different rhetorical purposes supplies the Genre Shifting component.Source Example🔗\nأَقِلْ أَنِلْ أَقْطِعْ احْمِلْ عَلْ سَلْ أَعِدْ ۝ زِدْ هَشَّ بَشَّ تَفَضَّلْ أَدْنِ سُرَّ صِلْSpeak briefly; grant; bestow; bear; rise; ask; restore — increase; be cheerful; smile; be gracious; bring near; give joy; maintain connection.— al-Mutanabbī\nExplanation\nCachia cites this verse as an example of al-tafwīf composed of short clauses. The verse proceeds through a succession of distinct commands, each occupying its own compact unit, while the units are arranged with conspicuous rhythmic balance. The Encyclopedia therefore analyses the construction as combining Genre Shifting — movement through distinct rhetorical purposes — with Proportioning — balance between the successive units.[7]\n\nConstructed Example🔗\nأَمْدَحُ الْكَرِيمَ لِفَضْلِهِ، وَأَرْثِي الْفَقِيدَ لِفَقْدِهِ، وَأَشْكُو الزَّمَانَ لِظُلْمِهِ.I praise the generous man for his virtue, lament the departed for his loss, and complain of time for its injustice.\nExplanation\nThe three balanced clauses pursue different rhetorical purposes: praise (madḥ), elegy (rithāʾ), and complaint (shakwā). The movement between distinct purposes instantiates Genre Shifting, while the closely corresponding syntactic form and rhythmic extent of the three clauses instantiate Proportioning. Their combination therefore illustrates the compound configuration analysed here as al-tafwīf.", "notes": "The term al-izdiwāj is also referred to as al-muzāwaja in al-Ghānī.[2]\nLexically, the term denotes pairing two things together (zāwaja bayna al-shayʾayn idhā qarana baynahumā).[2]\nAl-Ghānī's consistent analytical phrase across all examples is mutasāwiyatān fī al-wazn, indicating that perceived rhythmic weight equality is the central diagnostic feature rather than grammatical structure.[2]\nAbdul-Raof (2006) describes the device in broader structural terms through repeated grammatical constructions and parallelistic framing.[8]\nTerminological relationshipsEncyclopedia Interpretation\nThe sources use several closely related terms for patterns of formal and rhythmic correspondence. In this encyclopedia, these are treated according to their underlying linguistic operation rather than as automatically distinct devices:\n\nal-izdiwāj is used as the principal label for the device.\nal-muzāwaja is treated as an alternative source label for the same general operation.[2]\nal-muwāzana is treated as a source label that particularly emphasises equality or correspondence in rhythmic weight.[3]\nal-tarṣīʿ denotes a more restricted pattern in which rhythmic balance is accompanied by corresponding or closely corresponding endings, and is therefore treated separately as a subtype of Rhymed Prose.[6]\nThese labels therefore overlap in the rhetorical tradition but are not treated here as interchangeable in every context. The taxonomy distinguishes them according to the specific linguistic operation described by the source.", "references": [ { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROPORT:_Proportioning#cite_note-hashimi-1", "citationNumber": 1, "citationKey": "hashimi", "text": "Aḥmad al-Hāshimī, Jawāhir al-Balāgha fī al-Maʿānī wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ (Windsor: Hindāwī Foundation, 2019), 409, ISBN 9781527316386.", "html": "Aḥmad al-Hāshimī, Jawāhir al-Balāgha fī al-Maʿānī wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ (Windsor: Hindāwī Foundation, 2019), 409, ISBN 9781527316386.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [ "9781527316386" ], "doi": [], "url": [ "https://www.hindawi.org/books/85925824/3.2/", "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527316386" ] }, "links": [ { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "Jawāhir al-Balāgha fī al-Maʿānī wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ", "url": "https://www.hindawi.org/books/85925824/3.2/", "rel": "nofollow", "kind": "external" }, { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "ISBN 9781527316386", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527316386", "kind": "internal" } ] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROPORT:_Proportioning#cite_note-ghani-2", "citationNumber": 2, "citationKey": "ghani", "text": "Ayman Amin Abd Al-Ghani, Al-Kāfī fī al-Balāgha: Al-Bayān, wa al-Badiʿ wa al-Maʿānī (Cairo: Dār al-Tawfīqiyya lil-Turāth, 2011), 213–217.", "html": "Ayman Amin Abd Al-Ghani, Al-Kāfī fī al-Balāgha: Al-Bayān, wa al-Badiʿ wa al-Maʿānī (Cairo: Dār al-Tawfīqiyya lil-Turāth, 2011), 213–217.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [], "doi": [], "url": [] }, "links": [] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROPORT:_Proportioning#cite_note-akkawi-muwazana-3", "citationNumber": 3, "citationKey": "akkawi-muwazana", "text": "Inʿām Fawwāl ʿAkkāwī, Al-Muʿjam al-Mufaṣṣal fī ʿUlūm al-Balāgha: Al-Badīʿ wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Maʿānī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1996), 661.", "html": "Inʿām Fawwāl ʿAkkāwī, Al-Muʿjam al-Mufaṣṣal fī ʿUlūm al-Balāgha: Al-Badīʿ wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Maʿānī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1996), 661.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [], "doi": [], "url": [] }, "links": [] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROPORT:_Proportioning#cite_note-atiq-4", "citationNumber": 4, "citationKey": "atiq", "text": "ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Atīq, ʿIlm al-Badīʿ (Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍa al-ʿArabiyya lil-Ṭibāʿa wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʿ, 2002), 239–241.", "html": "ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Atīq, ʿIlm al-Badīʿ (Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍa al-ʿArabiyya lil-Ṭibāʿa wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʿ, 2002), 239–241.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [], "doi": [], "url": [] }, "links": [] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROPORT:_Proportioning#cite_note-qasim-5", "citationNumber": 5, "citationKey": "qasim", "text": "Muḥammad Aḥmad Qāsim, Muḥyī al-Dīn Dīb, ʿUlūm al-balāgha (al-badīʿ wa-al-bayān wa-al-maʿānī) (Tripoli: al-Muʾassasa al-ḥadītha lil-kitāb, 2003), 106-112.", "html": "Muḥammad Aḥmad Qāsim, Muḥyī al-Dīn Dīb, ʿUlūm al-balāgha (al-badīʿ wa-al-bayān wa-al-maʿānī) (Tripoli: al-Muʾassasa al-ḥadītha lil-kitāb, 2003), 106-112.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [], "doi": [], "url": [] }, "links": [] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROPORT:_Proportioning#cite_note-hashimi-tarsi-6", "citationNumber": 6, "citationKey": "hashimi-tarsi", "text": "Aḥmad al-Hāshimī, Jawāhir al-Balāgha fī al-Maʿānī wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ (Windsor: Hindāwī Foundation, 2019), 411, ISBN 9781527316386.", "html": "Aḥmad al-Hāshimī, Jawāhir al-Balāgha fī al-Maʿānī wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ (Windsor: Hindāwī Foundation, 2019), 411, ISBN 9781527316386.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [ "9781527316386" ], "doi": [], "url": [ "https://www.hindawi.org/books/85925824/3.2/", "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527316386" ] }, "links": [ { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "Jawāhir al-Balāgha fī al-Maʿānī wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Badīʿ", "url": "https://www.hindawi.org/books/85925824/3.2/", "rel": "nofollow", "kind": "external" }, { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "ISBN 9781527316386", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527316386", "kind": "internal" } ] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROPORT:_Proportioning#cite_note-cachia-tafwif-7", "citationNumber": 7, "citationKey": "cachia-tafwif", "text": "Pierre Cachia, The Arch Rhetorician: Or The Schemer’s Skimmer: A Handbook of Late Arabic Badīʻ Drawn from ʻAbd al-Ghanī an-Nābulsī’s Nafaḥāt al-Azhār ʻala Nasamāt al-Asḥār, Studies in Arabic Language and Literature 3 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998); 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Page created: Proportioning.", "html": "2024-04-22 - Page created: Proportioning.", "targets": [ { "@type": "balagha:HistoryTarget", "name": "Proportioning", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/2661", "title": "Special:PermanentLink/2661", "mediaWikiPermanentRevisionId": "2661", "kind": "internal" } ] } ] }, "balagha:taxonomy": { "@type": "balagha:TaxonomyRecord", "deviceCode": "PROPORT", "entityId": "Q132", "release": "ARDT v0.1.0", "category": "Linguistic Embellishments (‘ilm al-badī‘)", "subcategory": "Repetition & Reinforcement", "categories": [ "Arabic Rhetorical Devices", "Linguistic Embellishments (‘ilm al-badī‘)", "Repetition & Reinforcement", "ARDT v0.1.1" ] }, "balagha:device": { "@type": "DefinedTerm", "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q132", "name": "Proportioning", "alternateName": [ "الازدواج", "al-izdiwāj" ], "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ARDT Device Code", "value": "PROPORT" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "BalaghaBase", "value": "Q132", "url": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q132" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "BALAGHA Score", "value": "CD-6" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "OpenAlex", "value": "W4415412456", "url": "https://openalex.org/works/W4415412456" } ], "balagha:deviceCode": "PROPORT", "balagha:arabicName": "الازدواج", "balagha:transliteration": "al-izdiwāj", "balagha:category": "Linguistic Embellishments (‘ilm al-badī‘)", "balagha:subcategory": "Repetition & Reinforcement", "balagha:balaghaScore": "CD-6", "balagha:openAlex": "W4415412456", "balagha:sourceCount": 6, "inDefinedTermSet": { "@type": "DefinedTermSet", "name": "ARDT v0.1.0" } }, "balagha:subtypes": [], "balagha:examples": [ { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "PROPORT", "exampleOfName": "Proportioning", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-hashimi-1" ], "id": "HUA4PEK", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROPORT:_Proportioning#HUA4PEK", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q132" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "مَنْ جَدَّ وَجَدَ، وَمَنْ لَجَّ وَلَجَ", "english": "\"Whoever strives, finds; and whoever persists, enters.\"", "explanation": "The two adjacent expressions are of the same kind and weight, illustrating al-Hāshimī's formulation of al-izdiwāj as the formal resemblance of two adjacent expressions.[1]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "PROPORT", "exampleOfName": "Proportioning", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-ghani-2" ], "id": "MR7FHWV", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROPORT:_Proportioning#MR7FHWV", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q132" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "يَتَقَارَبُ الزَّمَانُ، وَيَنْقُصُ الْعَمَلُ، وَيُلْقَى الشُّحُّ، وَيَكْثُرُ الْهَرْجُ", "english": "\"Time draws near, deeds diminish, miserliness is cast [into hearts], and killing increases.\"", "explanation": "Al-Ghānī analyses the four clauses as equal in rhythmic weight (mutasāwiyatān fī al-wazn), producing balance that delights the ear and elevates the soul.[2]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "PROPORT", "exampleOfName": "Proportioning", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-ghani-2" ], "id": "22U6VGZ", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROPORT:_Proportioning#22U6VGZ", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q132" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "﴿ إِنَّ الْأَبْرَارَ لَفِي نَعِيمٍ ۝ وَإِنَّ الْفُجَّارَ لَفِي جَحِيمٍ ﴾", "english": "\"Indeed the righteous will be in bliss, and indeed the wicked will be in Hellfire.\"", "explanation": "Al-Ghānī analyses the two verses as equal in rhythmic weight, with the additional effect of opposition (muqābala) between الأبرار and الفجار enhancing the rhetorical effect.[2] The opposition is incidental to the device rather than constitutive of it." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "PROPORT", "exampleOfName": "Proportioning", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-ghani-2" ], "id": "DTTXTAC", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROPORT:_Proportioning#DTTXTAC", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q132" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "إِذَا حَدَّثَ كَذَبَ، وَإِذَا وَعَدَ أَخْلَفَ، وَإِذَا اؤْتُمِنَ خَانَ", "english": "\"When he speaks, he lies; when he promises, he breaks his word; when he is trusted, he betrays.\"", "explanation": "Three clauses of equal rhythmic weight, each built on an إِذَا + verb condition followed by a verb response. Al-Ghānī analyses them as mutually equal in weight.[2]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "PROPORT", "exampleOfName": "Proportioning", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-ghani-2" ], "id": "K6QRMDM", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROPORT:_Proportioning#K6QRMDM", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q132" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "الدُّنْيَا إِمَّا نِقْمَةٌ نَازِلَةٌ، وَإِمَّا نِعْمَةٌ زَائِلَةٌ", "english": "\"The world is either an affliction descending, or a blessing passing away.\"", "explanation": "A saying attributed to some of the sages.[2] Two clauses of equal weight with oppositional pairing (muqābala); the rhyming clause-endings (نَازِلَةٌ / زَائِلَةٌ) are present but incidental to the identification as al-izdiwāj." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "PROPORT", "exampleOfName": "Proportioning", "id": "ABFMDJJ", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROPORT:_Proportioning#ABFMDJJ", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q132" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "الْعِلْمُ يَرْفَعُ الْأَقْدَارَ، وَالْجَهْلُ يَضَعُ الْأَحْرَارَ", "english": "\"Knowledge raises the standing of men, and ignorance lowers the free.\"", "explanation": "Two clauses of equal rhythmic weight (mutasāwiyatān fī al-wazn), each consisting of a subject, verb, and object of equivalent measure. The clause-endings rhyme on ـدَار / ـحْرَار, and the pairing of al-ʿilm against al-jahl and yarfaʿu against yaḍaʿu introduces opposition (muqābala), though this is incidental to the device rather than definitive of it." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "PROPORT", "exampleOfName": "Proportioning", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-cachia-tafwif-7" ], "id": "CDJF9PE", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROPORT:_Proportioning#CDJF9PE", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q132" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "أَقِلْ أَنِلْ أَقْطِعْ احْمِلْ عَلْ سَلْ أَعِدْ ۝ زِدْ هَشَّ بَشَّ تَفَضَّلْ أَدْنِ سُرَّ صِلْ", "english": "Speak briefly; grant; bestow; bear; rise; ask; restore — increase; be cheerful; smile; be gracious; bring near; give joy; maintain connection.", "explanation": "Cachia cites this verse as an example of al-tafwīf composed of short clauses. The verse proceeds through a succession of distinct commands, each occupying its own compact unit, while the units are arranged with conspicuous rhythmic balance. The Encyclopedia therefore analyses the construction as combining Genre Shifting — movement through distinct rhetorical purposes — with Proportioning — balance between the successive units.[7]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "PROPORT", "exampleOfName": "Proportioning", "id": "NGQ3SEP", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROPORT:_Proportioning#NGQ3SEP", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q132" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "أَمْدَحُ الْكَرِيمَ لِفَضْلِهِ، وَأَرْثِي الْفَقِيدَ لِفَقْدِهِ، وَأَشْكُو الزَّمَانَ لِظُلْمِهِ.", "english": "I praise the generous man for his virtue, lament the departed for his loss, and complain of time for its injustice.", "explanation": "The three balanced clauses pursue different rhetorical purposes: praise (madḥ), elegy (rithāʾ), and complaint (shakwā). The movement between distinct purposes instantiates Genre Shifting, while the closely corresponding syntactic form and rhythmic extent of the three clauses instantiate Proportioning. Their combination therefore illustrates the compound configuration analysed here as al-tafwīf." } ], "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "@id": "https://marathe.org/#mandar", "honorificPrefix": "Dr", "name": "Mandar Marathe", "givenName": "Mandar", "familyName": "Marathe", "alternateName": "Dr Mandar Marathe", "url": "https://marathe.org/", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://marathe.org/" }, "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-6927-6836", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "Google Scholar", "value": "w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "url": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ" } ], "sameAs": [ "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836", "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=38961640000", "https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/GRX-5034-2022", "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mandar_Marathe", "https://independent.academia.edu/MandarMaratheUK", "https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Mandar-Marathe/34623281", "https://arxiv.org/a/marathe_m_1.html", "https://dblp.org/pid/413/7182", "https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/mandar-marathe", "https://www.linkedin.com/in/mandar-marathe-uk/", "https://x.com/DrMMarathe", "https://www.youtube.com/@drmandarmarathe", "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q19", "https://balaghabase.org/wiki/Item:Q19" ], "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "The Arabic Research Institute", "url": "https://arabicresearch.org/" } ], "owns": [ { "@id": "https://marathe.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://rhetorical-density.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://project.balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balagha-corpus.com/#website" } ] } ] }