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It is therefore primarily a compositional device rather than an intertextual one. The act of subsequently citing such a formulation — once it has passed into proverbial circulation — falls under Allusion when the source is evoked without its wording, or Poetic Incorporation when poetic wording is carried over.", "linguisticOperation": "From the sources\nThe communicator produces within a larger discourse a self-contained formulation whose meaning and wording allow it to function proverbially beyond its immediate context.[1][2][3]\nIn Nāṣif et al.’s poetic classification, irsāl al-mathal may designate a proverbial unit consisting of part of a verse.[1]\nIn the same poetic classification, al-kalām al-jāmiʿ designates a complete verse that functions as the proverbial unit.[1] ʿAkkāwī likewise records al-kalām al-jāmiʿ for verse that runs in the manner of proverbs (tajrī majrā al-mathal).[2]\nʿAkkāwī (1996) records Ibn Ḥijja al-Ḥamawī’s definition as a verse containing wisdom, admonition, or general truth that takes on proverbial circulation.[2]", "recognition": "From the sources\nProverbialisation may be present when:\n\nA formulation within a larger discourse expresses wisdom, characterization, admonition, warning, general truth, or another meaning in a form suitable for application in comparable situations.[1][2][3]\nThe formulation is sufficiently self-contained and generalisable to function beyond its immediate context in the manner of a proverb or maxim.[1][2][3]\nThe formulation is capable of running in the manner of proverbial speech (tajrī majrā al-mathal).[2][3]\nIn poetry, the proverbial unit may comprise either part of a verse or a complete verse, according to the classifications recorded by Nāṣif et al.[1]", "diagnosticCommunicativeEnhancements": "Encyclopedia Interpretation\nProverbial authority: Because the utterance is framed as a maxim or general truth, it acquires an air of wisdom that exceeds its immediate discursive occasion. A particular judgement is elevated into a generalisable principle.\nSemantic portability: The device compresses meaning into a form capable of functioning across multiple contexts. This portability gives the utterance rhetorical durability and makes it available for reuse beyond its original setting.\nProverbial closure: When a statement culminates in a proverb-like unit, it performs an epistemic shift — moving the audience from contingent circumstance to universal principle — giving the impression that the matter has been settled at the level of wisdom rather than argument.\nDetachable completeness (Type 1: irsāl al-mathal): When only part of the verse functions proverbially, that segment achieves rhetorical independence from the larger poetic structure, foregrounding economy and concentration of expression.\nCollective ownership (Type 2: al-kalām al-jāmiʿ): When a complete verse achieves proverbial status, it becomes detached from its specific poetic occasion entirely, inviting audiences to receive it as shared wisdom rather than the utterance of a particular poet in a particular circumstance.\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.", "references": [ { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROVERB:_Proverbialisation#cite_note-nasif-1", "citationNumber": 1, "citationKey": "nasif", "text": "Ḥafnī Nāṣif, Muḥammad Diyāb, Sultan Muḥammad and Muṣṭafā Ṭammām, Durūs al-Balāgha (Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2012), 112, ISBN 9786144162798.", "html": "Ḥafnī Nāṣif, Muḥammad Diyāb, Sultan Muḥammad and Muṣṭafā Ṭammām, Durūs al-Balāgha (Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2012), 112, ISBN 9786144162798.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [ "9786144162798" ], "doi": [], "url": [ "https://archive.org/details/3136pdf_202001/page/n112/mode/2up", "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786144162798" ] }, "links": [ { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "Durūs al-Balāgha", "url": "https://archive.org/details/3136pdf_202001/page/n112/mode/2up", "rel": "nofollow", "kind": "external" }, { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "ISBN 9786144162798", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786144162798", "kind": "internal" } ] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROVERB:_Proverbialisation#cite_note-akkawi-2", "citationNumber": 2, "citationKey": "akkawi", "text": "Inʿām Fawwāl ʿAkkāwī, Al-Muʿjam al-Mufaṣṣal fī ʿUlūm al-Balāgha: Al-Badīʿ wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Maʿānī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1996), 627-628.", "html": "Inʿām Fawwāl ʿAkkāwī, Al-Muʿjam al-Mufaṣṣal fī ʿUlūm al-Balāgha: Al-Badīʿ wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Maʿānī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1996), 627-628.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [], "doi": [], "url": [] }, "links": [] }, { "@type": "balagha:Reference", "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROVERB:_Proverbialisation#cite_note-cachia-133-3", "citationNumber": 3, "citationKey": "cachia-133", "text": "Pierre Cachia, The Arch Rhetorician: Or The Schemer’s Skimmer: A Handbook of Late Arabic Badīʻ Drawn from ʻAbd al-Ghanī an-Nābulsī’s Nafaḥāt al-Azhār ʻala Nasamāt al-Asḥār, Studies in Arabic Language and Literature 3 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998), p. 97; §133, ISBN 9783447040327.", "html": "Pierre Cachia, The Arch Rhetorician: Or The Schemer’s Skimmer: A Handbook of Late Arabic Badīʻ Drawn from ʻAbd al-Ghanī an-Nābulsī’s Nafaḥāt al-Azhār ʻala Nasamāt al-Asḥār, Studies in Arabic Language and Literature 3 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998), p. 97; §133, ISBN 9783447040327.", "identifiers": { "@type": "balagha:Identifiers", "isbn": [ "9783447040327" ], "doi": [], "url": [ "https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/55982312", "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447040327" ] }, "links": [ { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "The Arch Rhetorician: Or The Schemer’s Skimmer: A Handbook of Late Arabic Badīʻ Drawn from ʻAbd al-Ghanī an-Nābulsī’s Nafaḥāt al-Azhār ʻala Nasamāt al-Asḥār", "url": "https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/55982312", "rel": "nofollow", "kind": "external" }, { "@type": "balagha:Link", "text": "ISBN 9783447040327", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447040327", "kind": "internal" } ] } ], "pageHistory": [ { "@type": "balagha:PageHistoryEntry", "position": 1, "date": "2026-04-28", "description": "Renamed from PROVERB: Incorporation of Proverbs to PROVERB: Proverbialisation, and moved from Category:Intertextuality to Category:Argumentation & Illustrative Persuasion to more accurately reflect the rhetorical mechanism.", "text": "2026-04-28 - 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Its formulation expresses a generalisable judgement capable of application beyond the immediate poetic context, thereby running in the manner of a proverb or maxim.[3]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "PROVERB", "exampleOfName": "Proverbialisation", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-nasif-1" ], "id": "CQW49", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROVERB:_Proverbialisation#CQW49", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q104" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "لَيْسَ التَّكَحُّلُ فِي الْعَيْنَيْنِ كَالْكَحَلِ", "english": "Applying kohl to the eyes is not the same as naturally dark-rimmed eyes.", "explanation": "This is cited by Nāṣif et al. (2012) as an example of a partial verse functioning proverbially.[1]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "PROVERB", "exampleOfName": "Proverbialisation", "id": "XYCQC", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROVERB:_Proverbialisation#XYCQC", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q104" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "مَنْ يَزْرَعِ الْخَيْرَ يَحْصُدْ مَحَبَّةَ النَّاسِ وَمَنْ يَبْذُلِ الْمَعْرُوفَ يَلْقَ ثَنَاءً دَائِمَا", "english": "Whoever sows goodness reaps the love of people, / and whoever gives generously will find lasting praise.", "explanation": "A constructed verse in which the first hemistich functions as a detachable proverbial saying expressing a generalised moral truth, while the second hemistich completes the verse. The first hemistich illustrates the mechanism of irsāl al-mathal, where part of a verse forms a detachable unit capable of functioning proverbially beyond its immediate context.[1]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "PROVERB", "exampleOfName": "Proverbialisation", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-nasif-1" ], "id": "F5NDK", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROVERB:_Proverbialisation#F5NDK", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q104" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "إِذَا جَاءَ مُوسَى وَأَلْقَى الْعَصَا فَقَدْ بَطَلَ السِّحْرُ وَالسَّاحِرُ", "english": "When Moses came and cast down the staff, the magic and the magician were undone.", "explanation": "Cited by Nāṣif et al. (2012) as an example of a complete proverbial verse.[1]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "PROVERB", "exampleOfName": "Proverbialisation", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-akkawi-2" ], "id": "PP7RB", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROVERB:_Proverbialisation#PP7RB", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q104" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "جَمْعُ الْكَلَامِ إِذَا لَمْ تُغْنِ حِكْمَتُهُ وُجُودُهُ عِنْدَ أَهْلِ الذَّوْقِ كَالْعَدَمِ", "english": "Speech, if its wisdom does not avail, is as nothing to people of taste.", "explanation": "Recorded by ʿAkkāwī (1996) as an illustrative example cited by Ibn Ḥijja al-Ḥamawī for al-kalām al-jāmiʿ, showing a complete verse functioning as a general maxim.[2]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "PROVERB", "exampleOfName": "Proverbialisation", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-akkawi-2" ], "id": "FBQHD", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROVERB:_Proverbialisation#FBQHD", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q104" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "إِذَا كَانَتِ النُّفُوسُ كِبَارًا تَعِبَتْ فِي مُرَادِهَا الْأَجْسَامُ", "english": "When souls are great, bodies grow weary in pursuing their aims.", "explanation": "Cited by ʿAkkāwī (1996) and attributed to al-Mutanabbī as an example of a complete verse functioning as a general proverbial maxim.[2]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "PROVERB", "exampleOfName": "Proverbialisation", "id": "X97EM", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/PROVERB:_Proverbialisation#X97EM", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q104" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "إِذَا ضَاقَتِ الدُّنْيَا بِأَهْلِ الْعَزِيمَةِ فَتَحَتْ لَهُمُ الْهِمَّةُ أَبْوَابَ الْمُسْتَحِيلِ", "english": "When the world grows narrow for those of firm resolve, / their ambition opens for them the doors of the impossible.", "explanation": "A complete verse functioning as a general maxim applicable beyond any single context — illustrating al-kalām al-jāmiʿ, where the whole verse runs in the manner of proverbs (tajrī majrā al-mathal)." } ], "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "@id": "https://marathe.org/#mandar", "honorificPrefix": "Dr", "name": "Mandar Marathe", "givenName": "Mandar", "familyName": "Marathe", "alternateName": "Dr Mandar Marathe", "url": "https://marathe.org/", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://marathe.org/" }, "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-6927-6836", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "Google Scholar", "value": "w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "url": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ" } ], "sameAs": [ "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836", "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=38961640000", "https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/GRX-5034-2022", "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mandar_Marathe", "https://independent.academia.edu/MandarMaratheUK", "https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Mandar-Marathe/34623281", "https://arxiv.org/a/marathe_m_1.html", "https://dblp.org/pid/413/7182", "https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/mandar-marathe", "https://www.linkedin.com/in/mandar-marathe-uk/", "https://x.com/DrMMarathe", "https://www.youtube.com/@drmandarmarathe", "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q19", "https://balaghabase.org/wiki/Item:Q19" ], "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "The Arabic Research Institute", "url": "https://arabicresearch.org/" } ], "owns": [ { "@id": "https://marathe.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://rhetorical-density.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://project.balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balagha-corpus.com/#website" } ] } ] }