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"definition": "Encyclopedia Interpretation\nRepetition is an Arabic rhetorical operation involving the recurrence of the same linguistic material within an utterance. The repeated material may consist of a lexical item or expression, or of smaller phonological material such as a recurrent sound.\nFrom the sources\nIn al-tikrār and al-tardīd, the repeated material consists of the same lexical item or expression. In al-tikrār, the repeated item retains the same meaning and application; in al-tardīd, the same lexical item is repeated with a different application, and may additionally carry a different lexical meaning.[1][2][3]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nIn this encyclopedia, Contextual Matching (al-mushākala) is treated as a type of Repetition because the reviewed examples involve repeated or morphologically related wording whose later use is influenced by an earlier expression occurring in its context. Alliteration (al-mujānasa al-istihlāliyya) is likewise treated as a type of Repetition because its defining operation consists of recurrence of the same word-initial sound across nearby lexical items. The reviewed sources do not themselves classify either phenomenon as a subtype of al-tikrār.\nFrom the sources\nContextual Matching is the mention of one thing using the wording of another because it occurs in its company or context (dhikr al-shayʾ bi-lafẓ ghayrihi li-wuqūʿihi fī ṣuḥbatihi).[4][5][6][7]",
"linguisticOperation": "Encyclopedia Interpretation\nThe general operation consists of recurrence of the same linguistic material within an utterance. Individual types differ according to what material recurs and the conditions governing that recurrence.\nFrom the sources\nIn Same-Application Repetition (al-tikrār), the same lexical item or expression appears more than once with the same meaning and application.[1]\nIn Varied Repetition (al-tardīd), the communicator takes a lexical item used earlier in the utterance and repeats the same item with a different application. The repeated item may additionally carry a different lexical meaning, but this is not required.[2][3]\nIn Contextual Matching (al-mushākala), one thing is expressed using wording associated with another because the two occur together in the context.[4][5][6][7]\nIn Alliteration (al-mujānasa al-istihlāliyya), the same initial sound occurs at the beginning of multiple lexical items in close succession.[8]\nRepetition is distinguished from mere redundancy: al-Khaṭṭābī held that repetition may be either praiseworthy or blameworthy; the blameworthy kind is that which adds nothing beyond what was already conveyed, while the praiseworthy kind is employed in important matters that deserve care and attention, and where error or forgetfulness is feared.[9]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nContextual Matching and Alliteration are grouped under Repetition in this encyclopedia on operational grounds. The reviewed sources attest their respective mechanisms independently but do not explicitly classify them as forms of al-tikrār or al-tardīd.",
"diagnosticCommunicativeEnhancements": "From the sources\nThe following effects are attested for Repetition in the reviewed sources. No specific rhetorical effect for Contextual Matching (al-mushākala) is stated in the four sources reviewed for that type.[4][5][6][7]\n\nEmphasis and affirmation.[1][10]\nReinforcing a warning: the repetition of a warning phrase with the conjunction thumma (then) signals that the second warning is stronger than the first.[9]\nCompleting acceptance of a claim and removing suspicion (tuhma).[9]\nEnumeration of related items requiring particular attention, so that error or forgetfulness is guarded against.[9]\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.",
"recognition": "From the sources\nRepetition may be present when:\n\nThe same lexical item or expression appears more than once — either with the same meaning and application (al-tikrār) or, in the case of the same lexical item, with a different application (al-tardīd).[1][2]\nIn Same-Application Repetition (al-tikrār), the repeated element may serve an evident rhetorical purpose such as emphasis, description, praise, or warning, rather than being an unintentional redundancy.[9]\nContextual Matching may be present where one thing is expressed using wording associated with another because the two occur together in the context.[4][5][6][7]\nAlliteration may be present where multiple nearby lexical items begin with the same sound.[8]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nFor Alliteration, a repeated initial sound should form a noticeable local pattern rather than arise from an isolated or accidental coincidence.",
"differentFrom": "Paronomasia — Both Varied Repetition (al-tardīd) and Paronomasia may involve formally identical lexical items associated with different meanings. Different lexical meanings are not, however, required for al-tardīd: its defining feature is repetition of the same lexical item with a different application. Nābulsī observes that when the repeated item is additionally used with different meanings, the distinction between al-tardīd and al-jinās may disappear.[2]\nAlliteration differs from Paronomasia in that it requires only recurrence of the same initial sound across nearby lexical items. Paronomasia instead requires a stronger formal relationship between lexical components that are similar or identical in wording while differing in meaning. A passage may independently instantiate both devices where both operations are present.",
"seeAlso": "Disambiguation page for Repetition Devices",
"notes": {
"text": "Ibn Rashīq's name for al-tardīd is the same (al-tardīd); al-Baghdādī and al-Tabrīzī called it al-taʿaṭṭuf; Jirmānūs Farḥāt also used al-tardīd.[3]\nʿAkkāwī (1996) notes that al-Jāḥiẓ gave particular attention to this device, and that al-Khaṭṭābī distinguished between praiseworthy and blameworthy repetition, placing the distinction in whether the repetition serves a meaningful purpose.[9]\nSome rhetoricians (noted in ʿAkkāwī 1996) classed al-tardīd under the rubric of ṭibāq (antithesis), calling it ṭibāq al-tardīd; Ibn Ḥijja al-Ḥamawī stipulated that for this classification to be valid the discourse must not be a case of radd al-ʿajuz ʿalā l-ṣadr (echoing the end to the beginning).[3]",
"technicalNotes": "Encyclopedia Interpretation Contextual Matching overlaps structurally with Varied Repetition (al-tardīd). In both, related lexical material may recur with a changed application. The distinction used in this encyclopedia is that al-tardīd is defined by repetition with changed application, whereas Contextual Matching is independently defined by the later wording being used because of its contextual association with another expression. The reviewed sources do not explicitly compare or distinguish the two devices.\nEncyclopedia Interpretation Alliteration differs from the other types on this page in the linguistic unit that recurs. Same-Application Repetition and Varied Repetition operate primarily through lexical recurrence, whereas Alliteration operates through recurrence of a word-initial sound across different lexical items. It is nevertheless treated as a subtype because removal of the positional constraint leaves the more general operation of repetition recoverable.\nEncyclopedia Interpretation The Arabic term al-mujānasa al-istihlāliyya is attested in Abdul-Raof's treatment of Alliteration. Its placement under Repetition is the taxonomy adopted by this encyclopedia and should not be taken to imply that the reviewed classical sources themselves classify it under al-tikrār."
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"english": "Verily with hardship comes ease. Verily with hardship comes ease. — Qur'ān 94:5–6",
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"arabic": "كَلَّا سَوْفَ تَعْلَمُونَ ثُمَّ كَلَّا سَوْفَ تَعْلَمُونَ",
"english": "But no! You will soon come to know. Again, no! You will soon come to know. — Qur'ān 102:3–4",
"explanation": "The phrase sawfa taʿlamūna (you will soon come to know) is repeated with the same meaning. The conjunction thumma (then/again) indicates that the second warning is stronger and more emphatic than the first.[9]"
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"arabic": "فَقَدْ كَانَتْ أُمًّا ضَعِيفَةً . . . ضَعِيفَةً فِي فَقْرِهَا ، ضَعِيفَةً فِي وَحْدَتِهَا ، ضَعِيفَةً فِي حَيْرَتِهَا مَعَ الأَقْدَارِ",
"english": "She was a weak mother . . . weak in her poverty, weak in her isolation, weak in her loss with her fate.",
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"arabic": "فَبِأَيِّ آلَاءِ رَبِّكُمَا تُكَذِّبَانِ",
"english": "So which of the favours of your Lord would you deny? — Qur'ān 55",
"explanation": "The phrase fa-bi-ayyi ālāʾi rabbikumā tukadhdhibān is repeated 31 times throughout Sūrat al-Raḥmān, functioning as repetition for affirmation.[11]"
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"arabic": "إِنَّ الأُمَّةَ تَحْتَاجُ إِلَى الْعَدَالَةِ . . . تَحْتَاجُ إِلَى الْعَدَالَةِ فِي تَوْزِيعِ الثَّرْوَةِ ، وَتَحْتَاجُ إِلَى الْعَدَالَةِ فِي تَوْزِيعِ الْفُرَصِ ، وَتَحْتَاجُ إِلَى الْعَدَالَةِ فِي تَطْبِيقِ الْقَانُونِ",
"english": "The nation needs justice . . . it needs justice in the distribution of wealth, it needs justice in the distribution of opportunities, and it needs justice in the application of the law.",
"explanation": "The phrase taḥtāju ilā l-ʿadāla (needs justice) is repeated four times with the same form and meaning, with each repetition adding a new domain to which the claim applies. The accumulation reinforces the breadth and urgency of the call for justice."
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"arabic": "وَهو العَظيمُ مِنَ الرّبِّ العظيمِ أتَى يُبْدي العَظيمَ مِنَ الآياتِ والحِكَمِ",
"english": "He is the great one, [apostle] of the Great Lord, who came To display great signs and wisdom. — Al-Nāblusī[2]",
"explanation": "The word al-ʿaẓīm appears three times with different applications: first as a predicate referring to the Prophet, second as a qualifier referring to the Lord, and third as part of the direct object referring to the signs. Nābulsī additionally draws attention to the word appearing in each of the three grammatical cases: nominative, genitive and accusative.[2] The example illustrates that al-tardīd does not require the repeated lexical item to acquire wholly different lexical meanings; change of application is sufficient.[2]"
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"arabic": "جَاءَ الكَبِيرُ مِنَ القَوْمِ، وَسَلَّمَ عَلَى الكَبِيرِ فِي السِّنِّ، وَتَحَدَّثَا عَنْ الكَبِيرِ مِنَ الأُمُورِ",
"english": "The great man of the people arrived, greeted the man great in age, and they spoke about the great matters.",
"explanation": "The lexical item al-kabīr (great/elder/major) is repeated with different applications: first to a person of status, second to a person of advanced age, and third to matters of importance. The repeated item therefore changes application across its occurrences."
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"arabic": "وَجَزَاءُ سَيِّئَةٍ سَيِّئَةٌ مِّثْلُهَا",
"english": "The requital of an evil is an evil like it. — Qur'ān 42:40",
"explanation": "The first sayyiʾa denotes the evil deed. The second denotes its corresponding punishment, but is expressed using the same wording because of its contextual association with the first.[12]"
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"arabic": "طَبَخَ لِي طَعَامًا، فَطَبَخْتُ لَهُ عُذْرًا",
"english": "He cooked me a meal, so I cooked him an excuse.",
"explanation": "The first use of “cooked” refers to preparing food. The second use adopts the same wording because of its contextual association with the first occurrence."
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"arabic": "وَمَكَرُوا۟ مَكْرًا وَمَكَرْنَا مَكْرًا وَهُمْ لَا يَشْعُرُونَ",
"english": "Qur'an 27:50 They planned a plan, and We planned a plan.",
"explanation": "The initial sound represented by mīm recurs across the nearby lexical items, producing Alliteration.[8]"
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"arabic": "وَمَن يُطِعِ ٱللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُۥ فَقَدْ فَازَ فَوْزًا عَظِيمًا",
"english": "Qur'an 33:71 Whoever obeys God and His messenger will achieve a splendid triumph.",
"explanation": "The initial sound represented by fāʾ recurs in faqad fāza fawzan.[8]"
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"arabic": "وَقَدْ جَلَسَ مَعَهَا فِي خَلْوَةٍ خَلَقَهَا خَالُهُ لَهُمَا",
"english": "He sat with her in an isolated place arranged by his uncle for both of them.",
"explanation": "The initial sound represented by khāʾ recurs in khalwa khalaqahā khāluhu.[8]"
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"english": "Sāmir travelled quickly to Samarkand.",
"explanation": "Alliteration is represented by the initial letter sīn across the successive lexical items sāfara sāmirun sarīʿan samarqand (travelled, Sāmir, quickly, Samarkand)."
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