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"definition": "From the sources\nStructural Reversal (al-ʿaks or al-tabdīl) is a rhetorical device in which linguistic material is arranged so that its letters, the letters within its constituent words, or its words or corresponding units can be read or reproduced in reversed order while yielding a formally valid and semantically interpretable expression.[1][2][3]\nThe Arabic sources describe several forms of reversal using overlapping terminology and classifications. These include reversal of a complete sequence of letters, reversal of letters within individual words, and reversal involving the ordering of words or corresponding linguistic units.[4][5][6][1][2]",
"linguisticOperation": "From the sources\nStructural Reversal operates by reversing the sequential order of linguistic material. The reversal may operate on a complete sequence of letters, on the letters within individual words, or on the ordering of words or corresponding linguistic units.[1][2]\nIn letter-based forms, reversal proceeds through the letters of the relevant expression or word; in word-order reversal, the words or corresponding linguistic units themselves occupy reversed positions.[4][5][6][1][2]\nThe resulting arrangement constitutes a formally valid and semantically interpretable expression rather than an arbitrary reversal of linguistic material.[6][1]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nThe three Annotation Units are distinguished by the unit and scope of reversal:\n\nExact Letter Reversal: the complete letter sequence is reversed and reproduces the same sequence.\nWithin-Word Letter Reversal: reversal operates on the letters within individual words.\nWord-Order Reversal: reversal operates on the ordering of words or corresponding linguistic units.",
"recognition": "From the sources\nStructural Reversal may be present when:\n\nlinguistic material exhibits a recoverable reversal of its sequential order;[1][2]\nthe reversal operates systematically on an identifiable linguistic unit, such as a sequence of letters, letters within individual words, or words and corresponding linguistic units;[1][2]\nthe resulting arrangement forms a valid and semantically interpretable expression rather than an arbitrary permutation of linguistic material.[6][1]\n\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nTo identify the appropriate subtype, determine what has been reversed:\n\nIf reversing the complete letter sequence reproduces that same sequence, annotate Exact Letter Reversal.\nIf reversal occurs separately among the letters within individual words, annotate Within-Word Letter Reversal.\nIf words or corresponding linguistic units occur in reversed positions, annotate Word-Order Reversal.",
"diagnosticCommunicativeEnhancements": "Encyclopedia Interpretation\nThe rhetorical effects of Structural Reversal vary according to the type of reversal and the context in which it appears:\n\nFormal closure and boundedness: In Exact Letter Reversal, the expression may acquire a heightened sense of structural completeness because the sequence folds back upon itself, creating an impression of formal enclosure and self-sufficiency.\nFormal astonishment: Recognition that an expression remains valid under reversal can produce surprise and admiration as an underlying structural symmetry becomes apparent.\nWit and ingenuity: Where reversal operates within words or through word order, the device can foreground compositional virtuosity. The rhetorical pleasure lies in recognising the craftsmanship by which linguistic material sustains coherence under inversion.\nSemantic reconfiguration: Where reversal produces a different coherent meaning, the existing verbal material is reorganised into a new semantic configuration.\nMnemonic salience: Highly patterned reversible expressions may be especially striking and memorable, aiding retention.\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.",
"differentFrom": "From the sources\nParonomasia — jinās al-qalb: Both may involve reversal of letters. In jinās al-qalb, two distinct words whose letters occur in reversed order form a paronomastic pair. In letter-based Structural Reversal, reversal operates on the letter sequence of the expression or within its constituent words. Cases organised around a paronomastic relationship between two distinct mirror words are treated under Paronomasia.[6][1]\nTardīd - both devices may repeat the same wording, but al-tardīd is based on recurrence, whereas al-ʿaks requires reversal or rearrangement. Nābulsī rejects defining al-ʿaks merely as using a word earlier and later in the discourse because such a definition would also encompass al-tardīd.[3]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nAntithesis- al-ṭibāq operates through semantic opposition between two terms. al-ʿaks operates through inversion of position; the two may co-occur.\nParallel Antithesis - al-muqābala operates through parallel oppositional sequencing, whereas al-ʿaks operates through inversion of terms.",
"notes": "The letter-reversal phenomenon is referred to in the sources variously as al-qalb, mā lā yastaḥīlu bi-l-inʿikās, and al-maqlūb al-mustawī.[4][6][1][5][7]\nʿAkkāwī (1996) notes that ʿAbd al-Ghanī al-Nābulusī referred to this device as al-ʿaks wa-l-tabdīl in his Nafaḥāt al-Azhār.[6]\nThe encyclopedia's distinction between Exact Letter Reversal and the paronomastic jinās al-qalb is an editorial systematisation based on the linguistic operation and distribution of examples in the sources. The sources themselves do not explicitly establish this boundary using the criterion of continuity.\nPalindrome is retained as the established English description of Exact Letter Reversal rather than as the English name of Structural Reversal as a whole.",
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"arabic": "وَرَبَّكَ فَكَبِّرْ",
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"arabic": "كُلٌّ فِي فَلَكٍ",
"english": "Quran 36:40 \"Each in an orbit\"",
"explanation": "This Qurʾānic phrase is cited by Nāṣif (2012), ʿAkkāwī (1996), and al-Nābulusī (as translated by Cachia) as an example of an expression whose letters form the same sequence when read forwards and backwards.[4][6][7]"
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"arabic": "كَنْ كَمَا أَمْكَنَك",
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"explanation": "Ḥātim (2010) cites this prose example to illustrate a phrase constructed so that its letters can be taken in both directions while still yielding a valid expression.[5]"
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"arabic": "مَوَدَّتُهُ تَدُومُ بِكُلِّ مَوْلٍ وَهَلْ كُلُّ مَوَدَّتُهُ تَدُومُ",
"english": "\"His affection endures with every patron — but does every patron's affection endure?\"",
"explanation": "ʿAkkāwī (1996) cites this verse by al-Arjānī under the heading of al-qalb as an extended poetic instance of reversal operating within a well-formed, coherent composition.[6]"
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"arabic": "وَلَمَّا تَبَدَّى لَنَا وَجْهُهُ أَرَانَا إِلَّا لَهُ هِلَالًا أَنَارَا",
"english": "When his face appeared to us, he showed us nothing but an illuminating crescent.",
"explanation": "Al-Nābulusī cites this poetic example as an instance in which one hemistich forms an exact palindrome. The second hemistich, arānā illā lahu hilālan anārā, yields the same sequence of letters when read forwards and backwards, disregarding vocalisation and spacing.[7]"
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "دَامَ مَاد",
"english": "\"Flowing water endured\"",
"explanation": "A constructed Modern Standard Arabic phrase in which the full consonantal sequence, read in reverse, yields the same string. dāma māda (\"it endured, it flowed\") reads identically whether its letters are taken forwards or backwards, illustrating exact letter reversal within a grammatically valid expression."
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"arabic": "كَبُرَ رَجَا أَجُرَّ رَبَّك",
"english": "\"Magnify the hope of your Lord's reward\"",
"explanation": "ʿAkkāwī (1996), following al-Ḥarīrī, cites this construction to illustrate reversal within individual words: each word, when its letters are reversed, yields another coherent Arabic word.[1]"
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"arabic": "رَمَى بَحْر",
"english": "\"The sea hurled\"",
"explanation": "A constructed Modern Standard Arabic phrase illustrating reversal within individual words. Reversing the letters of ramā yields āmar (\"he commanded\"), and reversing baḥr yields raḥb (\"spacious\" / \"vast\"), producing a coherent, if semantically distinct, Arabic reading in each case."
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"arabic": "عُجْ ثُمَّ قَرِّبْ دَغَلًا آمِنًا إِنَّمَا دَغَلَ كَبْرُقٍ مُنْتَجَعٍ",
"english": "\"Turn aside, then draw near to a safe thicket — for only the thicket of a lightning-flash is a good pasture.\"",
"explanation": "ʿAkkāwī (1996) reports this hemistich as an instance in which the words are read in reverse order while continuing to form valid Arabic expression.[1]"
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "يَنبُعُ النُّورُ مِنَ العَقْلِ",
"english": "\"Light springs from reason\"",
"explanation": "A constructed Modern Standard Arabic phrase illustrating reversal at the level of word order. Reading the words in reverse sequence yields al-ʿaqli mina l-nūru yanbuʿu, which, while syntactically marked, remains a grammatically parsable and semantically coherent Arabic expression conveying the same propositional content."
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "عادات السادات سادات العادات",
"english": "The habits of the masters are the masters of the habits.",
"explanation": "The words ʿādāt (habits) and sādāt (masters) occur in one order and then in the reverse order within the same sentence, illustrating the configuration that ʿAkkāwī describes as inversion between parts of a sentence.[2][11]"
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"id": "5MMSJ",
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"arabic": "قَوْلُ الْإِمَامِ إِمَامُ الْقَوْلِ",
"english": "The speech of the imam is the imam of speech.",
"explanation": "The terms qawl (speech) and al-imām (the imam) occur in one order and then in the reverse order within the same sentence.[10]"
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"arabic": "حُرُّ الْكَلَامِ كَلَامُ الْحُرِّ",
"english": "Free speech is the speech of the free man.",
"explanation": "The terms ḥurr (free) and al-kalām (speech) occur in one order and then in the reverse order within the same sentence.[10]"
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"arabic": "حِكْمَةُ الْعُقَلَاءِ عُقَلَاءُ الْحِكْمَةِ",
"english": "The wisdom of the sages is the sages of wisdom.",
"explanation": "The terms ḥikma (wisdom) and ʿuqalāʾ (sages) reverse their syntactic positions between the two halves of the sentence."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
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"id": "Z435Q",
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"arabic": "لا مجدَ في الدنيا لمن قلّ مالُهُ، ولا مالَ في الدنيا لمن قلّ مجدُهُ",
"english": "There is no glory in this world for him whose wealth is little, and no wealth in this world for him whose glory is little.",
"explanation": "The two terms majd (glory) and māl (wealth) appear in one order in the first nominal clause and are switched in the second, illustrating ʿAkkāwī's nominal-sentence configuration.[9]"
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"id": "NRL5F",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/REVERSL:_Structural_Reversal#NRL5F",
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"arabic": "لَا هُنَّ حِلٌّ لَّهُمْ وَلَا هُمْ يَحِلُّونَ لَهُنَّ",
"english": "Quran 60:10 They (women) are not lawful for them (men), nor are they (men) lawful for them (women).",
"explanation": "In the first clause, the feminine pronoun hunna precedes the masculine lahum; in the second clause, the masculine hum precedes the feminine lahunna, giving the corresponding elements reversed positions.[2][11]"
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"arabic": "لَا نَجَاحَ لِمَنْ يَفْقِدُ الصَّبْرَ، وَلَا صَبْرَ لِمَنْ يَفْقِدُ النَّجَاحَ",
"english": "There is no success for one who lacks patience, and no patience for one who lacks success.",
"explanation": "The terms najāḥ (success) and ṣabr (patience) appear in one order in the first clause and are switched in the second, illustrating word-order reversal across corresponding nominal clauses."
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"id": "Y634J",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/REVERSL:_Structural_Reversal#Y634J",
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"arabic": "وَلاَ تَخْشَ النَّاسَ وَاللَّهُ أَحَقُّ أَن تَخْشَاهُ",
"english": "Do not fear the people, while God has more right that you should fear Him. Quran 33:37.",
"explanation": "ʿAkkāwī (1996), citing Ibn Ḥujja al-Ḥamawī, gives this as an example where what is advanced in the speech is later delayed, and what is delayed is later advanced, illustrating reversal across verbal constructions.[8]"
},
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"sourceReferences": [
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "يُخْرِجُ ٱلْحَىَّ مِنَ ٱلْمَيِّتِ وَيُخْرِجُ ٱلْمَيِّتَ مِنَ ٱلْحَىِّ",
"english": "Quran 30:19 He brings the living out of the dead and brings the dead out of the living.",
"explanation": "The terms al-ḥayy (the living) and al-mayyit (the dead) appear in one order in the first verbal clause and in the reverse order in the second, illustrating ʿAkkāwī's verbal-sentence configuration.[2][11]"
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "يَصْنَعُ الْعِلْمُ الرِّجَالَ، وَيَصْنَعُ الرِّجَالُ الْعِلْمَ",
"english": "Knowledge makes men, and men make knowledge.",
"explanation": "The terms al-ʿilm (knowledge) and al-rijāl (men) occupy reversed syntactic positions in the two verbal clauses, with their roles as agent and object inverted."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
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"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-akkawi1-2"
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"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/REVERSL:_Structural_Reversal#PA27P",
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "أَصْبِرْ عَلَى خُلُقٍ مَنْ تُعَاشِرُهُ، وَاصْحَبْ صَبُورًا عَلَى مَنْ خَالَفَهُ",
"english": "Be patient with the character of the one you associate with, and accompany one who is patient with whoever differs from him.",
"explanation": "ʿAkkāwī (1996) cites this as an example of the configuration in which reversal occurs between related nouns in two sentences.[2]"
},
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"@type": "balagha:Example",
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"exampleOf": "REVERSL-SR",
"exampleOfName": "Word-Order Reversal",
"id": "RTKDU",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/REVERSL:_Structural_Reversal#RTKDU",
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "أَكْرِمِ الْكَرِيمَ تَنَلْ كَرَامَتَهُ، وَاحْذَرِ اللَّئِيمَ تَسْلَمْ مِنْ لُؤْمِهِ",
"english": "Honour the generous man and you will receive his generosity; beware the base man and you will be safe from his baseness.",
"explanation": "The two related nouns al-karīm (the generous man) and al-laʾīm (the base man) anchor parallel imperative clauses; the second noun and its attendant quality invert the moral and relational stance established by the first, illustrating the related-noun configuration recorded by ʿAkkāwī."
},
{
"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
"exampleOf": "REVERSL-SR",
"exampleOfName": "Word-Order Reversal",
"sourceReferences": [
"cite_note-cachia55-3"
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"id": "NEXPQ",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/REVERSL:_Structural_Reversal#NEXPQ",
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "يَا بَدَنِي بِالْفِرَاقِ مِتَّ كَمَدًا مِتَّ كَمَدًا بِالْفِرَاقِ يَا بَدَنِي",
"english": "O body of mine, now we are parted, die of grief! Die of grief now we are parted, O body of mine!",
"explanation": "Nābulusī gives this as an example of word-order reversal in which the wording of the first hemistich is recast in reversed order in the second while the meaning is retained.[3]"
},
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"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "REVERSL-SR",
"exampleOfName": "Word-Order Reversal",
"id": "AVTMK",
"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/REVERSL:_Structural_Reversal#AVTMK",
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "بِالْعِلْمِ يَرْتَفِعُ الْإِنْسَانُ يَرْتَفِعُ الْإِنْسَانُ بِالْعِلْمِ",
"english": "Through knowledge a person rises; A person rises through knowledge.",
"explanation": "The same elements, bi-l-ʿilm (through knowledge) and yartafiʿu al-insān (a person rises), occur in reversed order in the second part while expressing the same proposition, illustrating Nābulusī's meaning-preserving form of reversal."
},
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"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "source",
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"exampleOfName": "Word-Order Reversal",
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"cite_note-cachia55-3"
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"url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/REVERSL:_Structural_Reversal#A8N69",
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"inLanguage": "ar",
"arabic": "أَحْدَاقُهُ مُلِئَتْ مِنَ الْأَقْدَاحِ أَمْ أَقْدَاحُهُ مُلِئَتْ مِنَ الْأَحْدَاقِ",
"english": "Have his eyes been filled from the wine-cups, or have the wine-cups been filled from his eyes?",
"explanation": "Nābulusī gives this as an example of word-order reversal in which rearranging the terms produces a change in meaning.[3]"
},
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"@type": "balagha:Example",
"exampleType": "constructed",
"exampleOf": "REVERSL-SR",
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"arabic": "يَخْدُمُ الْمُعَلِّمُ الطَّالِبَ يَخْدُمُ الطَّالِبُ الْمُعَلِّمَ",
"english": "The teacher serves the student; the student serves the teacher.",
"explanation": "The same principal terms, al-muʿallim (the teacher) and al-ṭālib (the student), occur in reversed syntactic positions. The reversal changes who performs the action and who receives it, illustrating Nābulusī's meaning-changing form of word-order reversal."
}
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