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Questions of elegance, naturalness, or artistic quality are treated separately from the core detection of the device.", "diagnosticCommunicativeEnhancements": "From the sources\nRhymed prose creates an effect of audible closure and rhythmic pairing between adjacent prose segments.[1][3]\nBalanced prose segments strengthen the rhythmic effect and make the paired endings more perceptible to the listener.[1][3]\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.", "recognition": "From the sources\nRhymed prose may be present when:\n\nTwo successive prose segments (fiqratayn) end on the same final letter.[1][3][7]\nThe final words (fāṣilas) show terminal rhyme-agreement analogous to poetic rhyme.[1][3]\nThe final words may also share the same morphological weight (wazn), indicating a more structured subtype.[1][2][3]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nThe following diagnostic tests aid identification:\n\nLocate the final word of each prose segment.\nCompare the final letters of those words.\nIf the final letters match, rhymed prose is structurally present.\nIf the paired words also match in morphological pattern, determine the subtype.", "differentFrom": "From the sources\nal-mursal (free or unadorned prose): Rowson (1998) explicitly contrasts sajʿ with mursal prose, the latter being prose without the constraints of rhythm and rhyme that define sajʿ.[6]\nal-fawāṣil (Qurʾānic phrase-endings): Some scholars, including al-Rummānī and al-Bāqillānī, argued that the phrase-endings of the Qurʾān should not be called sajʿ but rather fawāṣil. Ibn al-Athīr and others disputed this restriction.[3][1]\nal-tarṣīʿ: Heinrichs (1998) notes that internal rhyme in a line of poetry is sometimes called tarṣīʿ, while ʿAṭīq treats tarṣīʿ or muraṣṣaʿ as a subtype involving broader word-for-word parallelism alongside final-rhyme agreement.[9][1]\nTaṣrīʿ (التصريع) - Tarṣīʿ involves correspondence in rhyme and morphological weight across multiple paired words or expressions. Taṣrīʿ, by contrast, concerns specifically the correspondence between the endings of the two hemistichs of a poetic line.", "notes": "Translation of sajʿ: Rowson (1998) renders it as “rhymed prose”; Abdul-Raof (2006) renders it as “assonance”. In this encyclopedia, “Rhymed prose” is preferred because it best reflects the classical Arabic definition.[6][7]\nProse and poetry: The device is fundamentally a prose category in classical balāgha, even though related internal-rhyming structures also occur in poetry. Nābulsī distinguishes general sajʿ from tasjīʿ al-bayt (internal rhyming of the poetic line), which he defines as dividing a verse into metrically identical parts and rhyming all of them according to the rhyme of the poem.[5] Related poetic structures are also discussed under categories such as tarṣīʿ.[9][1]\nPoetic extension omitted from the main taxonomy: ʿAṭīq (2002) also lists al-mashṭūr as a poetic subtype, where each hemistich has its own internal rhyme pattern.[1] It is not treated as a core subtype on this page because this entry focuses on rhymed prose as a rhetorical device rather than on poetic internal-rhyme taxonomy.\nStructural detection vs. artistic quality: The sources distinguish the presence of rhymed prose from its artistic quality. 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Page created: Assonance.", "html": "2024-04-22 - Page created: Assonance.", "targets": [ { "@type": "balagha:HistoryTarget", "name": "Assonance", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/2666", "title": "Special:PermanentLink/2666", "mediaWikiPermanentRevisionId": "2666", "kind": "internal" } ] } ] }, "balagha:taxonomy": { "@type": "balagha:TaxonomyRecord", "deviceCode": "RHYMED", "entityId": "Q125", "release": "ARDT v0.1.0", "category": "Linguistic Embellishments (‘ilm al-badī‘)", "subcategory": "Wordplay & Phonetic Styling", "categories": [ "Arabic Rhetorical Devices", "Linguistic Embellishments (‘ilm al-badī‘)", "Wordplay & Phonetic Styling", "ARDT v0.1.1" ] }, "balagha:device": { "@type": "DefinedTerm", "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q125", "name": "Rhymed prose", "alternateName": [ "السجع", "al-sajʿ" ], "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ARDT Device Code", "value": "RHYMED" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "BalaghaBase", "value": "Q125", "url": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q125" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "BALAGHA Score", "value": "CD-1" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "OpenAlex", "value": "W4415412567", "url": "https://openalex.org/works/W4415412567" } ], "balagha:deviceCode": "RHYMED", "balagha:arabicName": "السجع", "balagha:transliteration": "al-sajʿ", "balagha:category": "Linguistic Embellishments (‘ilm al-badī‘)", "balagha:subcategory": "Wordplay & Phonetic Styling", "balagha:balaghaScore": "CD-1", "balagha:openAlex": "W4415412567", "balagha:sourceCount": 9, "inDefinedTermSet": { "@type": "DefinedTermSet", "name": "ARDT v0.1.0" } }, "balagha:subtypes": [], "balagha:examples": [ { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "RHYMED", "exampleOfName": "Rhymed prose", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-akkawi-2" ], "id": "47SZVU2", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/RHYMED:_Rhymed_Prose#47SZVU2", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q125" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "﴿أَلَمْ نَجْعَلِ الْأَرْضَ مِهَادًا ۝ وَالْجِبَالَ أَوْتَادًا﴾", "english": "Have We not made the earth a resting place, and the mountains as stakes? (Q78:6–7)", "explanation": "Mihādan and awtādan agree in final rhyme-letter but differ in morphological weight, making this an instance of muṭarraf.[2]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "RHYMED", "exampleOfName": "Rhymed prose", "id": "4ALR7SL", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/RHYMED:_Rhymed_Prose#4ALR7SL", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q125" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "«إنَّ العِلمَ نُورٌ، وإنَّ الجَهلَ فُجُورٌ»", "english": "Indeed knowledge is a light, and indeed ignorance is a transgression.", "explanation": "Nūrun and fujūrun agree in final rhyme-letter (ر) but differ in morphological weight (fuʿlun vs. fuʿūlun), making this an instance of muṭarraf." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "RHYMED", "exampleOfName": "Rhymed prose", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-atiq2-1", "cite_note-abdul-raof-7", "cite_note-cachia-5" ], "id": "8CYVTAB", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/RHYMED:_Rhymed_Prose#8CYVTAB", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q125" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "﴿فِيهَا سُرُرٌ مَرْفُوعَةٌ ۝ وَأَكْوَابٌ مَوْضُوعَةٌ﴾", "english": "Within it are couches raised high, and cups put in place Quran 88:13–14", "explanation": "Marfūʿa and mawḍūʿa match in both morphological pattern and rhyme, making this an instance of mutawāzī.[1][7][5]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "RHYMED", "exampleOfName": "Rhymed prose", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-atiq2-1" ], "id": "HYCXHNF", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/RHYMED:_Rhymed_Prose#HYCXHNF", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q125" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "«اللَّهُمَّ أَعْطِ مُنْفِقاً خَلَفاً وَأَعْطِ مُمْسِكاً تَلَفاً»", "english": "O God, give the spender replacement, and give the miser ruin.", "explanation": "Khalafan and talafan match in weight and rhyme.[1][3]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "RHYMED", "exampleOfName": "Rhymed prose", "id": "ZHG8MGQ", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/RHYMED:_Rhymed_Prose#ZHG8MGQ", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q125" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "«الحَقُّ مَنشُودٌ، والعَدلُ مَقصُودٌ»", "english": "Truth is sought after, and justice is aimed for.", "explanation": "Manshūdun and maqṣūdun agree in both morphological weight (mafʿūlun) and final rhyme-letter (د), making this an instance of mutawāzī." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "RHYMED", "exampleOfName": "Rhymed prose", "id": "DF9UGZK", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/RHYMED:_Rhymed_Prose#DF9UGZK", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q125" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "﴿إِنَّ الْأَبْرَارَ لَفِي نَعِيمٍ ۝ وَإِنَّ الْفُجَّارَ لَفِي جَحِيمٍ﴾", "english": "Indeed the righteous are in bliss, and indeed the wicked are in Hellfire. (Q82:13–14)", "explanation": "Each word of the first segment is paired with a corresponding word of equal morphological weight and matching rhyme-letter in the second segment, making this an instance of muraṣṣaʿ.[1][2]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "RHYMED", "exampleOfName": "Rhymed prose", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-atiq2-1" ], "id": "2R4TW2X", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/RHYMED:_Rhymed_Prose#2R4TW2X", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q125" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "«يَطْبَعُ الأَسْجَاعَ بِجَوَاهِرِ لَفْظِهِ، وَيَقْرَعُ الأَسْمَاعَ بِزَوَاجِرِ وَعْظِهِ»", "english": "He stamps sajʿ with the jewels of his diction, and strikes the ears with the admonitions of his preaching.", "explanation": "From al-Ḥarīrī. Multiple corresponding lexical pairs match in weight and rhyme.[1]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "RHYMED", "exampleOfName": "Rhymed prose", "id": "NPCCU8F", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/RHYMED:_Rhymed_Prose#NPCCU8F", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q125" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "«يُشِيعُ الأَمِينُ الوَفَاءَ بِصِدقِ لِسَانِهِ، ويُذِيعُ الخَوِينُ الجَفَاءَ بِكَذِبِ بَيَانِهِ»", "english": "The trustworthy man spreads loyalty through the truth of his tongue, and the treacherous man spreads harshness through the falsehood of his speech.", "explanation": "Multiple corresponding lexical pairs match in both morphological weight and rhyme: yushīʿu / yudhīʿu; al-amīnu / al-khawīnu; al-wafāʾa / al-jafāʾa; bi-ṣidqi / bi-kadhbi; lisānihi / bayānihi, making this an instance of muraṣṣaʿ." } ], "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "@id": "https://marathe.org/#mandar", "honorificPrefix": "Dr", "name": "Mandar Marathe", "givenName": "Mandar", "familyName": "Marathe", "alternateName": "Dr Mandar Marathe", "url": "https://marathe.org/", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://marathe.org/" }, "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-6927-6836", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "Google Scholar", "value": "w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "url": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ" } ], "sameAs": [ "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836", "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=38961640000", "https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/GRX-5034-2022", "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mandar_Marathe", "https://independent.academia.edu/MandarMaratheUK", "https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Mandar-Marathe/34623281", "https://arxiv.org/a/marathe_m_1.html", "https://dblp.org/pid/413/7182", "https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/mandar-marathe", "https://www.linkedin.com/in/mandar-marathe-uk/", "https://x.com/DrMMarathe", "https://www.youtube.com/@drmandarmarathe", "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q19", "https://balaghabase.org/wiki/Item:Q19" ], "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "The Arabic Research Institute", "url": "https://arabicresearch.org/" } ], "owns": [ { "@id": "https://marathe.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://rhetorical-density.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://project.balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balagha-corpus.com/#website" } ] } ] }