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This can be especially striking when the grouped items differ in nature, since the shared predication levels them into one evaluative frame.\n\nArgumentative compression: What would otherwise require multiple separate propositions is conveyed in a single utterance, lending the judgment a compact and unified force. The shared predicate can make the statement feel more immediate and concentrated than if each subject were treated independently.\n\nAssociation and transfer of quality: Grouping subjects under one predicate places them in mutual rhetorical association. Subjects elevated by a positive predicate may reinforce one another’s dignity, while subjects condemned by a negative predicate may intensify one another’s blame. The device can therefore function as implicit elevation or condemnation by association.\n\nSense of breadth and comprehensiveness: When several subjects are grouped together under one judgment, the accumulation can create an impression of breadth, suggesting that the judgment extends across a wider field rather than applying to an isolated case.\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.", "differentFrom": "CE-3: Semantic Grouping where the lexical items are connected by a semantic rather than syntactic relationship. 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"https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#SYNGRP-EG", "name": "Enumerative Grouping", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#SYNGRP-EG", "balagha:localId": "SYNGRP-EG", "balagha:kind": "subtype", "balagha:parentId": "SYNGRP", "balagha:arabicName": "التعديد", "balagha:transliteration": "al-taʿdīd", "balagha:definition": null, "balagha:examples": [ "J59WE", "8MXPT", "ASXVQ", "4SYJK" ], "skos:broader": { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q82" } } ], "balagha:examples": [ { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "SYNGRP-GT", "exampleOfName": "Grouping of Two", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-nasif-1", "cite_note-jawaher-3", "cite_note-akkawi-4", "cite_note-atiq-5" ], "id": "YZ5FT", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#YZ5FT", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#SYNGRP-GT" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "ٱلْمَالُ وَٱلْبَنُونَ زِينَةُ ٱلْحَيَوٰةِ ٱلدُّنْيَا", "english": "Wealth and children are the adornment of the worldly life.", "explanation": "Wealth and children are gathered under one predicate: being the adornment of worldly life.[1][3][4][5]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "SYNGRP-GT", "exampleOfName": "Grouping of Two", "id": "CW5SJ", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#CW5SJ", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#SYNGRP-GT" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "الْعِلْمُ وَالْعَمَلُ أَسَاسُ النَّجَاحِ", "english": "Knowledge and action are the foundation of success.", "explanation": "Knowledge and action are gathered under one predicate: being the foundation of success." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "SYNGRP-GT", "exampleOfName": "Grouping of Two", "id": "PEJSF", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#PEJSF", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#SYNGRP-GT" }, "inLanguage": "en", "english": "Patience and persistence are essential for success.", "explanation": "Two things — patience and persistence — are brought together under one judgment: being essential for success." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "SYNGRP-GM", "exampleOfName": "Grouping of More Than Two", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-nasif-1" ], "id": "VQ7UK", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#VQ7UK", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#SYNGRP-GM" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "إِنَّمَا الْخَمْرُ وَالْمَيْسِرُ وَالْأَنْصَابُ وَالْأَزْلَامُ رِجْسٌ مِنْ عَمَلِ الشَّيْطَانِ", "english": "Wine, gambling, altars, and divining arrows are filth from the work of Satan.", "explanation": "Four things are brought together under one judgment: impurity.[1]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "SYNGRP-GM", "exampleOfName": "Grouping of More Than Two", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-atiq-5" ], "id": "PUJFV", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#PUJFV", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#SYNGRP-GM" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "مَنْ أَصْبَحَ آمِناً فِي سِرْبِهِ، مُعَافًى فِي بَدَنِهِ، عِنْدَهُ قُوتُ يَوْمِهِ، فَكَأَنَّمَا حِيزَتْ لَهُ الدُّنْيَا بِحَذَافِيرِهَا", "english": "Whoever wakes safe in his dwelling, healthy in his body, with his day’s sustenance — it is as though the world in its entirety has been gathered for him.", "explanation": "Security (al-amn), bodily health (al-ʿāfiyah), and daily sustenance (qūt al-yawm) are gathered under one judgment: the equivalent of possessing the whole world.[5]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "SYNGRP-GM", "exampleOfName": "Grouping of More Than Two", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-cachia-6" ], "id": "VCKWC", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#VCKWC", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#SYNGRP-GM" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "آرَاؤُهُ وَعَطَايَاهُ وَنِعْمَتُهُ وَعَفْوُهُ رَحْمَةٌ لِلنَّاسِ كُلِّهِمْ", "english": "His views, his gifts, his bounty, and his forgiveness are a mercy to all men.", "explanation": "Four things — his views, gifts, bounty, and forgiveness — are brought together under one judgment: being a mercy to all people.[6]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "SYNGRP-GM", "exampleOfName": "Grouping of More Than Two", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-cachia-6" ], "id": "QU7MW", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#QU7MW", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#SYNGRP-GM" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "إِنَّ الشَّبَابَ وَالْفَرَاغَ وَالْجِدَةَ مَفْسَدَةٌ لِلْمَرْءِ أَيَّ مَفْسَدَةٍ", "english": "Youth and idleness and passion cause — oh! — such mischief among men!", "explanation": "Youth, idleness, and prosperity are brought together under one judgment: being a source of corruption for a person.[6]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "SYNGRP-GM", "exampleOfName": "Grouping of More Than Two", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-cachia-6" ], "id": "ZGJ6D", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#ZGJ6D", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#SYNGRP-GM" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "تَرَقْرَقَ مَاءُ مُقْلَتَايَ وَوَجْهُهُ وَيُذْكَى عَلَى قَلْبِي وَوَجْنَتِهِ الْجَمْرُ", "english": "With [diamond] water my eyes and his face glisten, and embers glow both on my heart and on his cheeks.", "explanation": "The poet combines corresponding elements within shared judgments: the water of his eyes and the beloved’s face are associated under glistening, while his heart and the beloved’s cheek are associated with glowing embers.[6]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "SYNGRP-GM", "exampleOfName": "Grouping of More Than Two", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-cachia-6" ], "id": "U7SKA", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#U7SKA", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#SYNGRP-GM" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "حَيَاتِي وَمَوْتِي فِي يَدَيْهِ وَجَنَّتِي وَنَارِي وَرِيِّي فِي الْهَوَى وَأَوَامِي", "english": "In his hands are laid my life and death, my Paradise and Fire, the slaking of my passion and my thirst.", "explanation": "Life and death, Paradise and Fire, and satisfaction and thirst are brought together within a single governing context: all are placed in the beloved’s hands.[6]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "SYNGRP-GM", "exampleOfName": "Grouping of More Than Two", "id": "SQGDC", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#SQGDC", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#SYNGRP-GM" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "الصِّدْقُ وَالْأَمَانَةُ وَالتَّوَاضُعُ دَعَائِمُ الشَّخْصِيَّةِ الْكَرِيمَةِ", "english": "Truthfulness, trustworthiness, and humility are the pillars of noble character.", "explanation": "Three qualities — truthfulness, trustworthiness, and humility — are gathered under one judgment: constituting the pillars of noble character." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "SYNGRP-GM", "exampleOfName": "Grouping of More Than Two", "id": "MG785", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#MG785", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#SYNGRP-GM" }, "inLanguage": "en", "english": "Honesty, patience, and courage are essential qualities of a good leader.", "explanation": "Three qualities — honesty, patience, and courage — are brought together under one judgment: being essential qualities of a good leader." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "SYNGRP-EG", "exampleOfName": "Enumerative Grouping", "id": "J59WE", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#J59WE", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#SYNGRP-EG" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "ضَنًى وَسُهَادًا وَاصْفِرَارًا وَزَفْرَةً وَصَبْرًا وَهَمًّا وَاحْتِرَاقًا وَأَدْمُعَا", "english": "Emaciation, sleeplessness, pallor, a sigh, endurance, anxiety, burning, and tears.", "explanation": "The individual nouns are successively enumerated within the same syntactic grouping, each falling under the same predicate or judgment.[7]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "source", "exampleOf": "SYNGRP-EG", "exampleOfName": "Enumerative Grouping", "sourceReferences": [ "cite_note-akkawi-taadid-9" ], "id": "8MXPT", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#8MXPT", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#SYNGRP-EG" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "الْخَيْلُ وَاللَّيْلُ وَالْبَيْدَاءُ تَعْرِفُنِي وَالسَّيْفُ وَالرُّمْحُ وَالْقِرْطَاسُ وَالْقَلَمُ", "english": "Horses, night, and the desert know me, as do the sword, the spear, paper, and the pen.", "explanation": "The first hemistich groups three subjects — horses, night, and the desert — under the common predicate \"know me,\" and therefore exemplifies Type 2 Syntactic Grouping. In the second hemistich, the nouns are more elaborately organised as an enumerated sequence: \"the sword and the spear\" form a martial pair, while \"paper and the pen\" form a literary pair. The two pairs are themselves set in conceptual contrast, presenting the poet as accomplished both in warfare and in letters. The example therefore illustrates how Enumerative Grouping may be strengthened through additional rhetorical patterning.[9]" }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "SYNGRP-EG", "exampleOfName": "Enumerative Grouping", "id": "ASXVQ", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#ASXVQ", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#SYNGRP-EG" }, "inLanguage": "ar", "arabic": "بِالْعِلْمِ وَالْقَلَمِ، وَبِالشَّجَاعَةِ وَالسَّيْفِ، يَبْنِي الْإِنْسَانُ مَجْدَهُ.", "english": "Through knowledge and the pen, and through courage and the sword, a person builds his glory.", "explanation": "The enumeration is organised into two related pairs: knowledge and the pen belong to the sphere of learning and writing, while courage and the sword belong to the sphere of martial action. The two pairs are successively presented within one rhetorical sequence, giving the enumeration an internal pattern rather than forming a simple list." }, { "@type": "balagha:Example", "exampleType": "constructed", "exampleOf": "SYNGRP-EG", "exampleOfName": "Enumerative Grouping", "id": "4SYJK", "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#4SYJK", "exampleOfEntity": { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/SYNGRP:_Syntactic_Grouping#SYNGRP-EG" }, "inLanguage": "en", "english": "He studied whatever interested him, without thinking about exhaustion, debt, responsibilities, or career.", "explanation": "Four individual nouns — exhaustion, debt, responsibilities, and career — are successively enumerated within a single rhetorical sequence. Their accumulation builds an increasingly broad picture of the practical pressures he disregards." } ], "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "@id": "https://marathe.org/#mandar", "honorificPrefix": "Dr", "name": "Mandar Marathe", "givenName": "Mandar", "familyName": "Marathe", "alternateName": "Dr Mandar Marathe", "url": "https://marathe.org/", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://marathe.org/" }, "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-6927-6836", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "Google Scholar", "value": "w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "url": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ" } ], "sameAs": [ "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-6836", "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w-bT-iYAAAAJ", "https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=38961640000", "https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/GRX-5034-2022", "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mandar_Marathe", "https://independent.academia.edu/MandarMaratheUK", "https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Mandar-Marathe/34623281", "https://arxiv.org/a/marathe_m_1.html", "https://dblp.org/pid/413/7182", "https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/mandar-marathe", "https://www.linkedin.com/in/mandar-marathe-uk/", "https://x.com/DrMMarathe", "https://www.youtube.com/@drmandarmarathe", "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q19", "https://balaghabase.org/wiki/Item:Q19" ], "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "The Arabic Research Institute", "url": "https://arabicresearch.org/" } ], "owns": [ { "@id": "https://marathe.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://rhetorical-density.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://project.balaghascore.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://al-balagha.com/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/#website" }, { "@id": "https://balagha-corpus.com/#website" } ] } ] }