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    "definition": "From the sources\nRelational Transfer (al-majāz) is an Arabic rhetorical device involving either (a) the use of a word or expression in other than its original, conventionally assigned meaning, or (b) the attribution of an action or quality to other than its real agent or source. In both cases, there is a recognised relationship (ʿalāqa) between the original and intended meanings, together with a contextual clue (qarīna) that prevents the literal reading from being intended.[1][2][3][4]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nClassical Arabic rhetorical tradition considers Metaphor (al-isti‘āra), Predicative Transfer (al-majāz al-ʿaqlī), and Associative Transfer (al-majāz al-mursal) together under the umbrella term al-majāz. However, in the Encyclopedia of Arabic Rhetoric, Metaphor is given a separate entry for analytical granularity, and Relational Transfer comprises Predicative Transfer (al-majāz al-ʿaqlī) and Associative Transfer (al-majāz al-mursal) only.",
    "linguisticOperation": "From the sources\nRelational Transfer requires the use of a word, expression, or predication in other than its original or proper usage.[1][2][4]\nThe transfer requires a relationship (ʿalāqa) between the original meaning or attribution and the intended meaning.[1][2][4]\nThe transfer requires a contextual clue (qarīna) that prevents the original or literal meaning from being intended.[2][4] The contextual clue may be lexical (qarīna lafẓiyya) — something in the wording itself — or rational (qarīna ʿaqliyya) — common sense or the communicative situation rendering the literal reading impossible or absurd.[2][5][6]\nWhen the relationship is similarity, the transfer is treated as Metaphor; when the relationship is not similarity, it falls under Associative Transfer; when the transfer occurs in attribution rather than in the individual word, it falls under Predicative Transfer.[2][4][7][5][6]\nEncyclopedia Interpretation\nIn this encyclopedia, the mechanism is described as a transfer from an original literal wording or attribution to an intended non-literal meaning or attribution, governed by a recognised relationship and signalled by a contextual clue.\nIf the transfer lies in attribution, it is classified here as Predicative Transfer.\nIf the transfer lies in the word itself and the relationship is not similarity, it is classified here as Associative Transfer.\nIf the relationship is similarity, the expression belongs instead to Metaphor.",
    "recognition": "Encyclopedia Interpretation\nRelational Transfer may be present when:\n\nA word, expression, or attribution cannot be understood literally without difficulty, impossibility, or contextual contradiction.\nA contextual clue prevents the literal or original meaning from being intended.\nA recognised relationship can be identified between the literal wording or attribution and the intended meaning.\nThe relationship is not based on similarity; if it is based on similarity, the expression should be considered under Metaphor.\nThe following diagnostic tests aid identification:\n\nIf the non-literalness lies in who or what an action or quality is attributed to, classify the case as Predicative Transfer.\nIf the non-literalness lies in a word being used for something related to it by cause, effect, part, whole, place, state, time, instrument, or another non-similarity relationship, classify the case as Associative Transfer.\nIf the literal meaning remains fully intended and no blocking clue is present, do not classify the expression as Relational Transfer.",
    "diagnosticCommunicativeEnhancements": "From the sources\nRelational Transfer may produce concision, because the transferred expression can convey the intended meaning more briefly than an explicit literal formulation.[4]\nIt may strengthen expression through skilful selection of the relationship between the original and intended meanings.[4]\nIt may make the meaning more vivid or pictorial by presenting it through a related image or association.[4]\nIt may involve effective exaggeration, especially where part and whole, cause and effect, or related associations intensify the expression.[4]\nFigurative expression may be considered more eloquent and more affecting than direct literal expression when used appropriately.[6][8]\n\nApplying the Recognition Framework\nThe information on this page can be used to evaluate whether this device is present in a candidate lexical item using the Specific Device Recognition part of the Universal Framework for Identifying Arabic Rhetorical Devices:\n\nUse the Definition, Mechanism, and Recognition sections of this page in Step 1.\nApply the substitution test in Step 2.\nConsider contextual indicators in Step 3.\nUse the Diagnostic Communicative Enhancements section of this page in Step 4.",
    "differentFrom": "METAPH: Metaphor — Metaphor is based on a similarity relationship between the original and intended meanings. Relational Transfer, as treated here, is based either on attributional transfer or on non-similarity relationships such as cause, effect, part, whole, place, state, time, or instrument.[2][4][7]\n SIMILE: Simile — Simile makes the comparison explicit through a comparison structure or particle. Relational Transfer does not present an explicit comparison.\nIMPREF: Implicit Reference — Implicit Reference also uses an expression whose literal meaning remains possible, but unlike Relational Transfer it does not require a qarīna blocking the literal reading. In Implicit Reference, the literal and intended meanings may both be simultaneously valid; in Relational Transfer, the qarīna specifically prevents the literal meaning from being the intended one.[2][4]\nLiteral Meaning (al-ḥaqīqa) — Literal Meaning uses a word or attribution in its proper or original sense, whereas Relational Transfer requires a contextual clue preventing that original sense from being intended.[2][4]",
    "seeAlso": "Disambiguation page for Figurative Speech (‘ilm al-bayān)",
    "notes": "Encyclopedia Interpretation\nIn annotation practice, the primary objective is to identify the presence of Relational Transfer reliably. Subclassification into Predicative Transfer and Associative Transfer should only be made when the mechanism is clear.\nSome expressions may plausibly be analysed in more than one way. If a straightforward lexical substitution resolves the expression, this points toward Associative Transfer. If the expression depends on a shifted attribution, this points toward Predicative Transfer.\nWhere the distinction is uncertain, annotators may tag the expression as Relational Transfer without specifying a subtype, and may add a note flagging the ambiguity for review.",
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        "text": "Inʿām Fawwāl ʿAkkāwī, Al-Muʿjam al-Mufaṣṣal fī ʿUlūm al-Balāgha: Al-Badīʿ wa-al-Bayān wa-al-Maʿānī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1996), 637-640.",
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      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "فَاضَ الكَأْسُ.",
      "english": "The cup overflowed.",
      "explanation": "The cup is not the real agent of overflowing — it is the water inside it that overflows. The action is attributed to the place (the cup) rather than to its contents, which are the real cause of the overflow.[6]"
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      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "أعلنت الحكومة قواعد جديدة.",
      "english": "The government has announced new laws.",
      "explanation": "The government is not literally a speaking individual. Rather, the communicator attributes the announcement to the government as the governing body responsible for it, while the actual speakers are government officials or representatives."
    },
    {
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      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "مشى الأمريكيون على سطح القمر عام 1969.",
      "english": "The Americans walked on the moon in 1969.",
      "explanation": "The communicator mentions \"Americans\" in general, but in reality only a very small number of individuals actually walked on the moon. The action is attributed to the nation as the broader agent behind the achievement."
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
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      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "نَهَارُهُ صَائِمٌ وَلَيْلُهُ قَائِمٌ.",
      "english": "His day fasts and his night stands in prayer.",
      "explanation": "The day and night do not literally fast or pray. The action of fasting is attributed to the daytime — the period in which it occurs — rather than to the person who actually fasts. Similarly, the standing in prayer is attributed to the night rather than to the person who prays during it.[5][6]"
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      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "يمر الوقت بسرعة في العطلة.",
      "english": "Time passes fast in the holidays.",
      "explanation": "Time does not literally \"pass\" as an acting entity. The communicator attributes the experience of short duration to time itself."
    },
    {
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      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "يَجْرِي النَّهَرُ.",
      "english": "The river runs.",
      "explanation": "The river does not literally run — it is the water within it that flows. The action of running is attributed to the place (the river) rather than to the water that actually moves within it.[5][6]"
    },
    {
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      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "تلهم المدينةُ الإبداع.",
      "english": "The city inspires creativity.",
      "explanation": "The city itself is not literally an acting mind. The communicator attributes inspiration to the city, while the real source is the environment, people, institutions, and experiences associated with it."
    },
    {
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      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "سيذكرني قومي إذا جدَّ جدُّهم",
      "english": "My people will remember me when their endeavour grows earnest.",
      "explanation": "In this line by Abū Firās al-Hamdānī, the earnestness (الجِدّ) is attributed to itself as an abstract noun — \"earnestness was earnest\" — rather than to the real agent, the person who strives earnestly. The verbal noun stands in for the one who performs the action.[4][5][6]"
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    {
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      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "تكاد عطاياه تُجَنُّ جنونها.",
      "english": "His gifts are almost driven to madness.",
      "explanation": "The madness (جنون) is attributed to itself as a verbal noun rather than to the one who is driven mad. The source of the action stands in for its real agent.[6]"
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    {
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      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "أَنْهَكَ السَّهَرُ جِسْمَهُ.",
      "english": "Sleeplessness wore his body down.",
      "explanation": "Sleeplessness (السَّهَر) is an abstract verbal noun — it does not literally act on the body. The communicator attributes the exhaustion to the abstraction itself rather than to the real cause behind it."
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    {
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      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "لَا عَاصِمَ الْيَوْمَ مِنْ أَمْرِ اللهِ إِلَّا مَنْ رَحِمَ.",
      "english": "There is no protector today from the command of God, except one whom He has shown mercy.",
      "explanation": "The word عاصم (protector — active/agent form) is used but the intended meaning is مَعصوم (the one protected — patient form). The attribute of the one who protects is transferred to the one who is protected. The Quranic contextual clue — that no one can protect themselves from God's command — signals the intended meaning.[4][5][6]"
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    {
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      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "منزل عامر بنعم الله.",
      "english": "A home flourishing with God's blessings.",
      "explanation": "عامر (active: one who flourishes/builds) is used but the home is not literally building or flourishing by its own agency — it is the one that has been made to flourish. The agent form is attributed to what is in reality the patient.[5][6]"
    },
    {
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      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "هَذَا مَاءٌ دَافِقٌ.",
      "english": "This is gushing water.",
      "explanation": "دَافِق is built on the active/agent pattern (the one who gushes) but the water does not gush by its own agency — it is the thing being gushed. The agent form is applied to what is in reality the patient of the action."
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    {
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      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "جعلت بيني وبينك حجابًا مستورًا.",
      "english": "I placed between you and me a veiled barrier.",
      "explanation": "مستور (passive: veiled/concealed) is used, but the barrier is not itself concealed — it is the one that conceals. The patient form is attributed to what is in reality the agent. The contextual clue is the logical function of a barrier, which covers rather than being covered.[4][5][6]"
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      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "هٰذَا سِرٌّ مَكْتُومٌ.",
      "english": "This is a hidden secret.",
      "explanation": "The passive form is used while the intended force lies in the active concealment surrounding it."
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "source",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
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      "sourceReferences": [
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      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "شَرِبْتُ مَاءَ النِّيلِ.",
      "english": "I drank the water of the Nile.",
      "explanation": "It is impossible to drink the entire Nile. The communicator mentions the whole — the Nile — while intending only a part, the portion of water actually consumed.[1][2][6]"
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
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      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#Y5DTDYC",
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      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "رأيت لندن في عطلتي.",
      "english": "I saw London in my holiday.",
      "explanation": "The communicator does not mean that the whole of London was seen during the holiday. By mentioning \"London\", it is understood that certain specific areas were actually visited."
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
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      "sourceReferences": [
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      "exampleOfEntity": {
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      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "﴿وَجَعَلُوا أَصَابِعَهُمْ فِي آذَانِهِمْ﴾ [نوح: ٧]",
      "english": "They put their fingers in their ears. [Quran 71:7]",
      "explanation": "A person cannot fit an entire finger inside an ear. What is literally meant is the fingertip — a part of the finger. The part (the whole finger) is mentioned while only a portion of it is intended, so the part stands for a further part, with the purpose of exaggerating the intensity of their refusal to hear.[2][5][6]"
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      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "تعال إلى بيتي لتناول الشاي الساعة 4 مساءً.",
      "english": "Come to my house for tea at 4pm.",
      "explanation": "The communicator invites the addressee for tea, but the intended meaning is the broader visit or social occasion of which tea is only one part."
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "source",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "sourceReferences": [
        "cite_note-nasif-7",
        "cite_note-funun2-5",
        "cite_note-atiq3v2-6"
      ],
      "id": "YBT4P4Y",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#YBT4P4Y",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "قَرَّرَ الْمَجْلِسُ ذَلِكَ.",
      "english": "The council decided that.",
      "explanation": "The council building does not decide anything — its members do. The word for the place (the council chamber) is used to mean the people who occupy and constitute it.[7][5][6]"
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "constructed",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "id": "SV7CYJ4",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#SV7CYJ4",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "يمكن أن تكون المحاكم في الهند فاسدة.",
      "english": "The courts in India can be corrupt.",
      "explanation": "The communicator refers not to the physical court buildings but to the legal system, judges, or institutions associated with them."
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "constructed",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "id": "MV9PKRY",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#MV9PKRY",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "زرتُ عائلة صديقي.",
      "english": "I visited my friend's family.",
      "explanation": "The communicator mentions the friend's family, but the intended meaning may extend to the household or place associated with them."
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "source",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "sourceReferences": [
        "cite_note-ghani-2",
        "cite_note-funun2-5",
        "cite_note-atiq3v2-6"
      ],
      "id": "QEX4JSF",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#QEX4JSF",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "رَعَيْنَا الْغَيْثَ.",
      "english": "We grazed the rain.",
      "explanation": "Cattle do not graze rain — they graze grass. Rain is the cause; the grass that grows from it is the effect. The word for the cause (rain) is used to mean its effect (the grass).[2][5][6]"
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "constructed",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "id": "8YZK794",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#8YZK794",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "صديقي فتح عيني على الفساد في المجتمع.",
      "english": "My friend opened my eyes to the corruption in society.",
      "explanation": "The communicator mentions the opening of the eyes — the cause — while the intended meaning is awareness or realisation — the effect."
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "source",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "sourceReferences": [
        "cite_note-ghani-2",
        "cite_note-funun2-5",
        "cite_note-atiq3v2-6"
      ],
      "id": "N4EDMGY",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#N4EDMGY",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "﴿وَيُنَزِّلُ لَكُمْ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ رِزْقًا﴾ [غافر: ١٣]",
      "english": "He sends down for you from the sky provision. [Quran 40:13]",
      "explanation": "What descends from the sky is rain, not provision directly. Rain is the cause; provision (crops and sustenance) is its effect. The word for the effect (رِزْق — provision) is used to mean the cause (rain) that produces it.[2][5][6]"
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "constructed",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "id": "Z5S6D56",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#Z5S6D56",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "العمل الجيد يضع الطعام على الطاولة.",
      "english": "A good job puts food on the table.",
      "explanation": "The communicator mentions the effect — food on the table — while intending the stable income that causes it."
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "source",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "sourceReferences": [
        "cite_note-ghani-2",
        "cite_note-funun2-5",
        "cite_note-atiq3v2-6"
      ],
      "id": "7FHEM4B",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#7FHEM4B",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "﴿وَآتُوا الْيَتَامَىٰ أَمْوَالَهُمْ﴾ [النساء: ٢]",
      "english": "Give the orphans their property. [Quran 4:2]",
      "explanation": "The instruction is not to give property to children who are still orphans, since they cannot yet manage it. The intended meaning is those who were orphans but have now reached adulthood. The word for their past state (يَتَامَى — orphans) is used to refer to them as they now are.[1][2][5][6]"
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "constructed",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "id": "4GJ2YG9",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#4GJ2YG9",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "ترك طفلي المنزل للالتحاق بالجامعة.",
      "english": "My child left home to attend university.",
      "explanation": "The one who left home is now an adult, but the communicator refers to that person by an earlier state."
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "source",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "sourceReferences": [
        "cite_note-ghani-2",
        "cite_note-funun2-5",
        "cite_note-atiq3v2-6"
      ],
      "id": "GPCC7E2",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#GPCC7E2",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "﴿إِنِّي أَرَانِي أَعْصِرُ خَمْرًا﴾ [يوسف: ٣٦]",
      "english": "I see myself pressing wine. [Quran 12:36]",
      "explanation": "The speaker is pressing grapes, not wine — wine is what the grapes will eventually become. The word for the future state (خَمْر — wine) is used to refer to what is currently only grapes, on account of what they will become.[1][2][5][6]"
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "constructed",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "id": "DLKVA5A",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#DLKVA5A",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "أزرعُ شجرة تفاح.",
      "english": "I am planting an apple tree.",
      "explanation": "The communicator is planting a seed or sapling, but refers to what it will become."
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "source",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "sourceReferences": [
        "cite_note-ghani-2"
      ],
      "id": "Y8GCMAP",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#Y8GCMAP",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "﴿فَبَشِّرْهُمْ بِعَذَابٍ أَلِيمٍ﴾ [آل عمران: ٢١]",
      "english": "Give them glad tidings of a painful punishment. [Quran 3:21]",
      "explanation": "The word بَشِّر literally means to announce good news and bring joy. Here it is used to mean its opposite — an announcement of punishment and suffering. The contextual clue is the explicit mention of painful punishment, which makes the literal meaning of glad tidings impossible.[2]"
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "constructed",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "id": "XH4NTSF",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#XH4NTSF",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "قال المدير لموظفه المهمل: أحسنتَ يا نجم الشركة!",
      "english": "The manager said to his negligent employee: Well done, you star of the company!",
      "explanation": "The word \"star\" is used sarcastically to mean its opposite, with the employee's negligence serving as the contextual clue."
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "source",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "sourceReferences": [
        "cite_note-nasif-7",
        "cite_note-funun2-5",
        "cite_note-atiq3v2-6"
      ],
      "id": "EJCUNKV",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#EJCUNKV",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "﴿وَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ ابْيَضَّتْ وُجُوهُهُمْ فَفِي رَحْمَةِ اللهِ هُمْ فِيهَا خَالِدُونَ﴾ [آل عمران: ١٠٧]",
      "english": "Those whose faces have whitened are in the mercy of God, dwelling therein. [Quran 3:107]",
      "explanation": "The mercy of God is a state or quality, not a place. The communicator uses the word for the state (رَحْمَة — mercy) to refer to the place associated with it — paradise, which is the abode of those who enjoy God's mercy.[7][5][6]"
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "constructed",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "id": "Z5VWD79",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#Z5VWD79",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "توفي صديقي وهو الآن في رحمة الله.",
      "english": "My friend passed away and is now in the mercy of God.",
      "explanation": "The communicator mentions a state — mercy — while intending the place or condition associated with it."
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "source",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "sourceReferences": [
        "cite_note-ghani-2",
        "cite_note-funun2-5"
      ],
      "id": "4J8SGFA",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#4J8SGFA",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "طعنتُ بالرمح ثيابَه.",
      "english": "I stabbed his garment with the spear.",
      "explanation": "Literally, the garment is named, but the intended referent is the body immediately beneath it.[2][5]"
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "constructed",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "id": "XBUJM3R",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#XBUJM3R",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "أَصَابَتِ الرَّصَاصَةُ قَمِيصَهُ.",
      "english": "The bullet struck his shirt.",
      "explanation": "The shirt is named, but the intended referent is the body wearing it. The word for what is adjacent to the body — the garment — is used to refer to the body itself."
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "source",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "sourceReferences": [
        "cite_note-jawaher-4"
      ],
      "id": "K9GQJ92",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#K9GQJ92",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "خرج ضوء النهار.",
      "english": "The light of day has come out.",
      "explanation": "The communicator mentions daylight, but the intended meaning is the sun, which necessarily entails it. This relationship overlaps in some cases with the causality relationship (d) above. The distinction is that causality refers to a contingent cause-and-effect chain, whereas the necessary requirement relationship refers to a logically or naturally entailed condition.[4]"
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "constructed",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "id": "EL927P9",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#EL927P9",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "سَمِعْنَا الْأَذَانَ فَاسْتَيْقَظْنَا.",
      "english": "We heard the call to prayer and woke up.",
      "explanation": "The call to prayer cannot occur without the dawn having arrived — the dawn is the necessary condition that the call to prayer entails. The communicator mentions the call to prayer while the intended meaning is the dawn itself."
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "source",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "sourceReferences": [
        "cite_note-abdul-raof-1",
        "cite_note-atiq3v2-6"
      ],
      "id": "BXKM7RB",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#BXKM7RB",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "وصلني منك لسان لا أحبه.",
      "english": "A tongue from you reached me that I do not like.",
      "explanation": "The communicator mentions the tongue — the instrument of speech — while intending the words or speech produced by it.[1][5][6]"
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "constructed",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "id": "CZCRNTN",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#CZCRNTN",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "لَهُ قَلَمٌ بَلِيغٌ.",
      "english": "He has an eloquent pen.",
      "explanation": "The pen is the instrument of writing but does not itself possess eloquence. The communicator mentions the instrument while intending what it produces — eloquent writing or prose."
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "source",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "sourceReferences": [
        "cite_note-jawaher-4"
      ],
      "id": "5UHCL75",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#5UHCL75",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "ملأت الشمس المكان.",
      "english": "The sun filled the room.",
      "explanation": "The sun cannot be present without its light also being present — light is entailed by the sun. The communicator uses \"the sun\" but intends \"sunlight\": that which the sun necessarily brings with it.[4]"
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "constructed",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "id": "QBEKQLW",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#QBEKQLW",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "دَخَلَتِ الشَّمْسُ مِنَ النَّافِذَةِ.",
      "english": "The sun entered through the window.",
      "explanation": "The sun itself does not enter a room — its light does. The existence of the sun necessarily entails the existence of sunlight, so the communicator uses the entailing thing (the sun) to refer to what it entails (sunlight)."
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "source",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "sourceReferences": [
        "cite_note-jawaher-4"
      ],
      "id": "9FQRT54",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#9FQRT54",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "جُرح مِشفر زيد.",
      "english": "Zaid's lip was wounded.",
      "explanation": "The word مِشفر originally denotes specifically the lip of a camel. It has been transferred to mean any lip (restriction to generalisation), and then further applied to a human lip. The word carries the trace of its restricted origin even as it is used in a broader context.[4]"
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "constructed",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "id": "VP6MPLM",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#VP6MPLM",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "وَضَعَ يَدَهُ عَلَى خَدِّهِ.",
      "english": "He placed his hand on his cheek.",
      "explanation": "The word خَدّ originally denotes specifically the cheek of a human face. Through extended use it has been applied more broadly to the side of any object. Here it retains a trace of its original restricted human application while being used in a generalised sense."
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "source",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "sourceReferences": [
        "cite_note-jawaher-4"
      ],
      "id": "PPYNUYF",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#PPYNUYF",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "فَإِذَا قَضَيْتُمُ الصَّلَاةَ [النساء: ١٠٣]",
      "english": "When you have completed the prayer [Quran 4:103]",
      "explanation": "The word الصلاة (the prayer) literally denotes the prescribed act of worship, but the intended meaning is its performance or fulfilment (الأداء) — the act that constitutes discharging the obligation. The word for the obligation stands in for the act that replaces or fulfils it.[4]"
    },
    {
      "@type": "balagha:Example",
      "exampleType": "constructed",
      "exampleOf": "TRANSFR",
      "exampleOfName": "Relational Transfer",
      "id": "MLXE5L2",
      "url": "https://al-balagha.com/wiki/TRANSFR:_Relational_Transfer#MLXE5L2",
      "exampleOfEntity": {
        "@id": "https://balaghabase.org/entity/Q59"
      },
      "inLanguage": "ar",
      "arabic": "أَدَّيْتُ الزَّكَاةَ هَذَا الْعَامَ.",
      "english": "I discharged the zakāt this year.",
      "explanation": "الزَّكَاة literally names the religious obligation itself, but what is meant is the act of paying it — the performance that substitutes for and discharges the obligation. The name of the obligation stands in for the act that fulfils it."
    }
  ]
}